|
the science of the production, propagation, and perception of soundwaves |
|
|
a disturbance of particles in a medium, sometimes air |
|
|
a series of compression and rarefaction in a medium |
|
|
a positive pressure or bunching molecules in a medium |
|
|
the number of compressions or rarefaction cycles that occur each second within a soundwave |
|
|
the distance between adjacent compressions |
|
|
the magnitude of the compressions within a soundwave |
|
|
all frequencies present in a complex soundwave |
|
|
the addition of supplemental vibrations to enrich and intensify sound |
|
• A constriction in the front |
|
vocal tract lowers F1 and raises F2 |
|
A constriction in the back of the vocal tract |
|
|
All formant frequencies lower uniformly when the vocal tract is |
|
|
All formant frequencies rise uniformly when the vocal tract is |
|
|
All formant frequencies lower uniformly (2) |
|
with lip rounding and increase with lip spreading |
|
• An increased mouth opening (dropping the jaw) |
|
|
If F1 is tuned near to H1 |
|
Inertance becomes insynch with the vibration • Threshold of phonation pressure lowers • Phonation occurs with less effort |
|
|
ratio of 6:1 w/collar of larynx to length of vocal tract. Average is 2800 Hz |
|
Closes the jaw does what to F1 |
|
|
opening or dropping the jaw does what to F1? |
|
|
|
– loudness is subjective – higher the pitch, higher the intensity |
|
Traits of Lower frequencies |
|
-larger wavelengths -lend to bend around objects |
|
Which formants determine what vowel we hear? |
|
|
|
points in tube when compression or rarefaction pressure is 0 |
|
|
Compression moves to a narrow medium |
|
Rarefaction (Out of phase) |
|
Compression moves to a wider tube |
|
|
1.) forced–direct connection (piano) 2.) free–flute voice is a combo of both |
|
|
non-whole number multiples |
|
|
1. Frequency 2. Amplitude 3. Spectral Envelope/ tone color 4. Duration |
|
|
|
Basics of Vocal tract innertance |
|
a tube w/a column of air in it -vocal tract shape can course inertance to be in or out of sync w/vocal folds, thereby affecting phonation in sync=aids out sync = ceases |
|
An increases mouth opening (dropping the jaw) |
|
|
All Formant frequencies lower uniformly when |
|
the vocal tract is lengthened or w/lip rounding |
|
All Formant frequencies rise uniformly when |
|
the vocal tract is shortened or w/lip rounding |
|
|
“The sound source is the time-varying glottal airflow & the filter is the vocal tract. Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth |
|
|
– a resonance of the vocal tract – a spectral maximum frequency – a peak in a filter model (LPC or LTA) |
|