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| the science of the production, propagation, and perception of soundwaves |
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| a disturbance of particles in a medium, sometimes air |
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| a series of compression and rarefaction in a medium |
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| a positive pressure or bunching molecules in a medium |
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| the number of compressions or rarefaction cycles that occur each second within a soundwave |
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| the distance between adjacent compressions |
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| the magnitude of the compressions within a soundwave |
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| all frequencies present in a complex soundwave |
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| the addition of supplemental vibrations to enrich and intensify sound |
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| • A constriction in the front |
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| vocal tract lowers F1 and raises F2 |
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| A constriction in the back of the vocal tract |
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| All formant frequencies lower uniformly when the vocal tract is |
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| All formant frequencies rise uniformly when the vocal tract is |
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| All formant frequencies lower uniformly (2) |
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with lip rounding and increase
with lip spreading |
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| • An increased mouth opening (dropping the jaw) |
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| If F1 is tuned near to H1 |
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Inertance becomes insynch with the vibration
• Threshold of phonation pressure lowers
• Phonation occurs with less effort |
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| ratio of 6:1 w/collar of larynx to length of vocal tract. Average is 2800 Hz |
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| Closes the jaw does what to F1 |
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| opening or dropping the jaw does what to F1? |
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– loudness is subjective
– higher the pitch, higher the intensity |
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| Traits of Lower frequencies |
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-larger wavelengths
-lend to bend around objects |
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| Which formants determine what vowel we hear? |
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| points in tube when compression or rarefaction pressure is 0 |
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| Compression moves to a narrow medium |
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| Rarefaction (Out of phase) |
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| Compression moves to a wider tube |
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1.) forced–direct connection (piano)
2.) free–flute
voice is a combo of both |
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| non-whole number multiples |
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| 1. Frequency 2. Amplitude 3. Spectral Envelope/ tone color 4. Duration |
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| Basics of Vocal tract innertance |
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a tube w/a column of air in it
-vocal tract shape can course inertance to be in or out of sync w/vocal folds, thereby affecting phonation in sync=aids out sync = ceases |
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| An increases mouth opening (dropping the jaw) |
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| All Formant frequencies lower uniformly when |
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| the vocal tract is lengthened or w/lip rounding |
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| All Formant frequencies rise uniformly when |
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| the vocal tract is shortened or w/lip rounding |
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| “The sound source is the time-varying glottal airflow & the filter is the vocal tract. Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth |
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– a resonance of the vocal tract
– a spectral maximum frequency
– a peak in a filter model (LPC or LTA) |
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