madrigal
a piece for several solo voices (4 or 5) that sets a vernacular poem to music about love; most important genre in Renaissance; began in Italy and made its way to England
pavane
a slow, gliding dance in duple meter performed by couples holding hands
galliard
fast, leaping dance in triple meter
word painting
practice of depicting text by means of descriptive musical gesture. music follows words
opera
requires union of music, drama, scenery, costumes, and dance;  “opera drammatica in musica”
libretto
text of an opera; writer of text of opera; poet with the composer
recitative
musically heightened speech, through which the plot of the opera is communicated to the audience
aria
more passionate, more expansive, and more tuneful than recitative. conveys what a character feels
sonata
sound; a type of instrumental chamber music for the home with just one player per part. written for solo instrument accompanied by basso continuo; has 3-4 movements; BAROQUE PERIOD!
trio sonata
3 solo instruments; 2 instruments and basso continuo. so has 4 players
solo concerto
musical composition marked by friendly contest between soloist and an orchestra. has 3 movements
concerto grosso
small group of soloists (2 or more) work together performing as a unit against the full orchestra
concertino
the group of instruments that function as soloists in the concerto grosso
oratorio
something sung in an oratory (hall or chapel used specifically for prayer and prayer with music). no decorations, cheap, unstaged opera with a religious feel
cantata
sung; multimovement sacred work including arias, ariosos, recitatives, performed by vocal soloists, a chorus, and a small accompanying orchestra. Important to the Lutheran Church
fugue
a composition of 2-5 parts played or sung by voices or instruments, which begins with a presentation of a subject in imitation in each part (exposition), continues with modulating passages of free counterpoint (episodes) and further appearances of the subject, and ends with a strong affirmation of the tonic key; polyphonic composition with subject imitated
ritornello form
form in a Baroque concerto grosso in which all or part of the main theme – the ritornello- returns again and again invariably played by the tutti or full orchestra
tutti
the full orchestra/ full performing force
opus
latin for “work”; the term adopted by composers to enumerate and identify their compositions
organum
name given to early polyphony of Western Church from the 9th – 13th centuries. first type of polyphonic music; 4 voices
figured bass / basso continuo
a small ensemble of atleast 2 instrumentalists who provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above; heard mostly in the Baroque; usually 2 people. Ex: harpsichord and bass instrument like cello or theorbo
ground bass / ostenato
an accompaniment that repeats itself over and over again
walking bass
one note consecutively repeated
suite
collection of dances
Bach
greatest composer of the fugue
1400-1600
Renaissance period
1600 – 1750
Baroque Period
400 – 1400
Medieval Period
monophonic
chief texture of Medieval
troubadour music
beginning of secular song in Medieval; monophonic; poet and musician
choral music
musical ensemble of singers
organum
first type of polyphonic music; in the Medieval
choral music and instrumental music
types of music during the Renaissance
lute
predecessor to the guitar; plucked
polyphony
chief texture of the Renaissance
terraced dynamics
the sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found in the music of the Baroque era; practice of shifting the volume of sound suddenly from 1 level to another
violin and strings
which instruments develop during the Baroque?
ritornello form
first movement of concerto grosso normally in what form?
Vivaldi

red-haired priest

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Hospice of Mercy

Venice

wrote 50 operas $$

450 of solo concertos — “Opus 8”

The Seasons — Spring

 

Johann Sebastian Bach

studied the greats of his time

best organist; fav instrument

greatest fugue writer

comes from musical family

organist to a court in 1708

Germany

cantor of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-50

 

 

organ
instrument most used in the fugue
George Frederic Handel

from Halle Germany

father wanted him to study law

at 18 left for Hamburg became 2nd violinist in opera

In Florence and Venice wrote operas

Rome wrote cantatas

London wrote oratorios $$ cheaper, Eng loved, Puritan vals

Water Music — played on Thames for royal cruises

 

Monteverdi

born in Cremona, moved to Mantua

many musical talents

maestro di cappella at St. Marks in Venice

1st great composer of opera

1st opera — Orfeo

made use of Aria

aria and recitative
two main styles of singing in the Baroque operas
Anonymous
Gradual Viderunt omnes
Machaut
Kyrie of Messe de Nostre Dame
Dufay
Ce moys de may
Josquin
Ave Maria
Anonymous
Pavane and Galliard
Weelkes
As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending
Monteverdi
Orfeo Act III “Possente spirto”
Vivaldi
Violin Concerto in E major (the “Spring”), I
Bach
organ fugue in G minor
Bach
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I
Handel
Water Music, Minuet and Trio
Handel
Messiah “He shall feed his flock”
opera
most important genre in the Baroque
beat and meter
driving force of concerto grosso