dynamics
various levels of volume, loud and soft, at which sounds are produced
forte
f – loud
piano
p – soft
sforzando
a sudden, loud attack on one note or cord
cresecendo
a gradual increase in the intensity of sound
decrescendo
gradual decrease in sound
color
tone quality of any sound produced by a voice or an instrument
timbre 
tone quality of the musical sound
soprano

highest voice

 

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women’s part

alto
women’s vocal parts
tenor
men’s vocal part
bass

lowest voice

;

men’s vocal part

chorus
when many voices join together
mezzo-soprano
areas of pitch shared by the soprano and alto
baritone
are shared by the tenor and bass
overtones
fractional vibration of the strings that produce many faint sounds
violin

chief of string instruments

smallest

shortest strings and highest pitch

viola

lower sound than violin

6 inches longer than violin

cello

instrument placed between legs

low pitch

provides low bass sound and lyrical melody

 

double bass
largest and lowest-sounding of the string instruments
harp

modern symphony

adds distinctive color to orchestral sound

flute
plays tones rapidly  and moves quickly from one range to another
piccolo

smaller flute

higher notes, than any instrument

clarinet

single reed fitted to the mouthpiece

open, hollow sound

oboe

double reed

nasal, exotic sound

gives pitch at beginning of symphony orchestra

english horn

larger version of oboe

dark, haunting sound

bassoon
bass instrument, adds weight to the lowest sound
contrabassoon

deep and sluggish

plays notes lower than any other insturment

double reed

saxophone

single reed

not a member of symphony orchestra

mouthpiece
brass players blow through cup-shaped device
trumpet
high, bright, cutting sound
trombone

plays in the middle range of the brass family

large and full sound

move slide in and out to generate sound

french horn

rich and mellow sound 

associated with the hunt

tuba
largest and lowest sounding of brass instruments
tipmani

percussion instrument heard in classical music

adds depth, tension, and drama

snare drum
rat-ta-tat-tat
bass drum
dull thud
cymbals
crashing ring
glockenspeil
similar to a xylophone, but the bars are made of metal so that the tone is brighter and more ringing
celesta
hammers strike metal bars, but hammers are activated by keys
pipe organ
player depresses a key that allows air to rush into a pipe, and produce sound
stop
when the organist wants to add a particular musical color to a piece
harpischord

produces sound by strings

when key is pressed, it drives a lever upward that forces a pick to pluck a string

piano
strings are hit by soft hammers
orchestral score
conductor follows a composite notation of all the instrumental parts for a particular piece