| When did the concerto emerge, and out of what genre did it come from? |
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-Late 17C Italy
-Trio Sonata |
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-a work for small group featuring four contrasting movements
-concerto is larger and features a clearer divide between soloist and ensemble |
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| What are the two major types of concerto? |
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| Concerto grosso: small group of solo instruments contrasts with larger ensemble
Solo concerto: single instrument set against large ensemble |
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| How many concertos did Antonio Vivaldi write, and primarily for what instrument? |
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| wrote about 500 concertos, most for violin |
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| general traits of Antonio Vivaldi |
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| Venetian music master; works as violinist, composer, conductor |
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| What form is the first movement of the classical concerto? |
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| The Classical Concerto is similar to sonata-allegro form except: |
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-First and second theme groups initially stated in tonic by orchestra alone
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-Soloist follows with TG1 in tonic, then TG2 in second key area (hence “double exposition”)
-Cadenza (extended virtuosic display for soloist) occurs near the end of the recapitulation before the final resolution to the tonic |
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| General traits of Felix Mendelssohn: |
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| -Among the most classically-oriented Romantic composers
-Arguably the most popular composer of his generation
-Significant figure outside the realms of performance and composition |
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| What are Haydn’s two most significant areas of accomplishment? |
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| symphony and string quartet |
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| Haydn’s symphonies establish conventional forms for each of the four movements. What are they? |
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| -First- sonata-allegro
-Second- free form (through-composed, sonata, variations…)
-Third- minuetto-trio (i.e. ternary)
-Fourth- rondo or sonata |
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| Under Haydn, Orchestra comprised of four roughly equal groups and contrasts with what? |
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| -Strings, winds, percussion and brass
-Contrasts with string dominated Baroque orchestras |
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| Haydn Extends certain pre-Classical traits in what five ways? |
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| -Dramatic dynamic contrasts
-Syncopation and other rhythmic disruptions
-Sharing of themes among instrumental sections
-Occasionally surprising modulations
-Wittiness and humor |
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| What country was Bedrich Smetana the first internationally-renowned composer from? |
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| Where does Bedrich Smetana draw his cultural nationalism from? |
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| Draws up distinctive local sources (musical, literary, geographical) for his inspiration |
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| Who is to ballet what Verdi and Wagner are to opera? |
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| Who is the only major 19C Russian composer with a formal conservatory education? |
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| Who worked at Moscow Cons. before attaining a stipend from Nadezhda von Meck? |
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| Name 3 ballets Tchaikovsky wrote. |
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| Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker |
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| Gustav Mahler was the last of what? |
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| The Romantics: many romantic qualities exaggerated or expanded in his own works |
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| conductor and composer; more famous during his life as conductor |
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| -Initially a pejorative term taken from painting
-Critics saw a parallel between the paintings and Debussy’s aural “indistinctness”
-Associated broadly with members of the French avant-garde near the end of the 19C |
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| What was Claude Debussy and where did he study? |
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| Pianist and composer, educated at the Paris Conservatoire |
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| How did Debussy combine progressive and conservative traits? |
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| -Studied Bach, Mozart, early Beethoven while playing Liszt, Schumann, Chopin
-Also interested in new Russian and French music, as well as non-western traditions |
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| Who used revolutionary treatment of rhythm and meter? |
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| What is Primitivism and who used it? |
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| -Musical style characterized by the use of often simple, repetitive, folk-like materials and themes
-Strongly percussive, driving, or accented rhythms are very typical |
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| What are Webern Style Traits? |
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| Works are very short, Melodies with wide dissonant intervals, Consecutive wide leaps in the same direction, Many rests, Prevailingly soft dynamics, “Pointillistic” orchestration, extended techniques common, contrapuntal textures |
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| Webern’s Op. were tonal up to: |
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| Webern’s Op. were atonal from: |
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| Webern’s Op. were serial from: |
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| Who were the three members of the Second Viennese School? |
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| True or False: Anton Webern was a Miniaturist |
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| Who was one of the most celebrated American composers of all time? |
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| Who began his career as an avant-gardist, but achieved greatest success with “New Simplicity?” |
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| What are the traits of New Simplicity and who used it? |
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| -Brilliant yet delicate string-dominated orchestration
-Quartal and quintal harmonies that may have strongly tonal tendencies
-Use of folk materials
-Gradual development of short motives or tunes
-Rhythmically propulsive
-used by Aaron Copland |
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| This composer unites elements of eastern and western classical traditions |
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| -long, flowing melodies that make use of the pentatonic scale
-glissandi and ornamentation evoking sounds of Chinese string instruments
-complex polyphonic textures |
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| stylistic inclusivity that draws upon multiple, sometimes apparently contradictory, artistic practices in a collage-like manner |
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| extended development of a deliberately (and often severely) limited amount of musical material |
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| Who was a postmodern minimalist? |
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| What is John Williams’ music renowned for? |
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| memorable, sweeping themes and lush, often brass-dominated orchestration |
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| what does john Williams do? |
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| -conductor and composer for TV, film, and concert hall |
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| one of few film composers to also achieve mainstream classical sucess |
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