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Pre-Classical Style
characterized by ______ _______
instead of _____ ______
absorbed into mature classical styles of what two composers?
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(1700-1750)
accompanied melody
complex polyphony
Mozart and Hayden
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Style Galant
was also called:
was considered for what class:
characteristics:
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Rococo
salon & aristocracy
simple melodies, slow harmonic rhythm, pleasing
major tonality preffered
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Empfindsamer Stil
also called:
german equivalent to:
characteristics:
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Sensitive Style
Style Galant
simple, expressive melodies in short phrases
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Sturm und Drang
also called:
characteristics:
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Storm & Stress
dramatic, frightening, shocking, highly emotional
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Pre-Classical Formal Structure
vocal forms:
instrumental forms:
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ABA da capo aria and AB "Cavatina"
Binary (old AB form): tonic-dominant;
dominant-tonic (with repeats)
Rounded Binary (precursor of Sonata-allegro form)
A;BA
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Sonata-Allegro Form
also called:
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Sonata or First Movement form
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Multi-movement Sonata
describe:
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3 movements; fast-slow-fast
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Domenico Scarlatti
worked in:
known for:
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(1685-1757)
Rome
555 keyboard sonatas
(played with harpsicord)
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The Pre-Classical Concerto
established by:
the 3 standard movements:
Bach’s sons influenced:
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;
;
Vivaldi
;
Allegro; melodic Andante; Finale
;
;Haydn and Mozart
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Carl Philip Emanuel Bach
;
;made 3 types of music:
;
;symphonies used:
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(1714-1788)
;
;Keyboard, Orchestra/Chamber Music, Vocal
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;flutes, oboes, horns, bassoon, 5-part strings
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Development of the Symphony
;
developed from:
;
;standard form:
;
concert symphony instruments:
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;
;
italian opera overture (sinfonia) + trio sonata ; concerto grosso
;
3-movement form
;
2 oboes, 2 horns, strings
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Johann Stamitz
;
used what model in music?
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(1717-1757)
;
3- movement with added minuet
;
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;
;
italian opera, chamber music, symphonies
;
;
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Paris
;
;music was dominated by:
;
important composer:
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Mid-18th Century Musical Treatises
;
J.J. Quantz wrote what?
;
Emanuel Bach wrote what?
;
Leopold Mozart wrote what?
;
Giuseppe Tartini wrote what?
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;
;
Essay on playing the transverse flute
;
Essay on the true art of playing keyboard
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Essay on the fundamental principles of violin playing
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Treatise on ornaments in music
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Pre-Classical Italian Opera
;
also called:
;
opera could only be:
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;
;
opera seria
;
;tragedy and comedy
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Pietro Metastasio
;
was:
;
standardized:
;
;
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(1698-1782)
;
18th century dramatist and poet for opera seria
;
characters of voices
;
prima donna/seconda donna (sopranos)
primo uomo/seconda uomo (castrati)
;
some duets and hardly large ensembles used
;
;
;
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Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
;
best known for:
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(1710-1736)
;
;La Serva Pardrona
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Johann Adolph Hasse
;
studied where?
;
occupation:
;
worked closely with:
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(1699-1783)
;
;italy
;
Opera Composer
;most famous in Europe
;
;Pietro Metastasio
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Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782)
;
did:
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Intermezzo
;
had 3 characters:
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comic interlude between acts; opera seria
;
soprano, bass, and a mute
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Opera buffa
also called:
used chain finale
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Dramma Giocoso
also called:
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jocular drama
incorporated tragedy and comedy
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Opera comique
Ballad Opera
Famous operas:
Singspiel
Zarzuela
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France
ensemble finales were important
simple music and political
England
used existing songs with new words
Beggars Opera and Threepenny Opera
Germany
spoken vernacularly
Vaudevill final was typical
W.A. Mozart composed operas here
Spain
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operatic arias, choruses with accompaniment
old style with instrumental doubling
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The Classical Period
includes what famous composers:
characterized by:
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(1750-1825)
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert
clarity, balance, and restraint
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Musical Forms of Classical Period
forms used:
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multi-movement
usage of sonata-allegro form
rondo
theme & variation
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sonata
for what instrument(s)?
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solo keyboard or with additional solo instrument
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symphony
describe structure:
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4-movement
sometimes adagio intro to first movement
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concerto
describe:
describe the movements:
established by:
influenced:
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3-movement
allegro, andante, rondo allegro
JC Bach;
Haydn and Mozart
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String Quartet
evolved from:
credited with creation:
structure:
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trio sonatas: add viola and drop keyboard
Haydn
3 movement and minuet finale
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1780
piano is established as equal instrument
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Divertimento
replaced:
how many movements?
terms for movements:
Mozarts best known:
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Baroque concerto grosso
5-movements
Allegro, Minuet, Andante, Minuet, Allegro
Ein kleine Nachtmusik
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Symphonie concertante
describe:
form resembled:
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orchestra with 2 or more virtuoso soloists
3-movement concerto
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Christoph Willibald Gluck
best known for:
Orfeo ed Euridice had what unified?
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(1714-1787)
reformation of operas
"reform operas"
drama, music, ballet
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Christoph Willibald Gluck
4 reformation ideas:
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(1714-1787)
1. simplify music and express drama
2. let aria forms fit the situation
3. avoid secco recitative and reduce contrast
4. relate the overture to drama
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Franz Joseph Hayden
how many symphonies?
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
treated opera like:
influenced by:
there’s so much more
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(1756-1791)
;
multimovement musical form
;
JC Bach and Haydn
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Antonio Salieri
;
students were:
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(1750-1825)
;
;Beethoven, Czerny, Liszt, Schubert
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