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| chromatic alteration of a note from the key signature until the next bar line (can be extended by a tie) |
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| ad libitum (ad lib) or piacere |
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| getting slower and louder |
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| with love, with warm feeling |
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| lively, animated, spirited |
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| return to the original tempo |
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| great technical skill, virtuosity |
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| a brilliant (often highly technical) solo, often found at the end of a movement or a piece |
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| the close of a melodic or harmonic phrase |
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| in a singing style, lyrical |
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| a concluding passage added to the form proper |
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| notes within a given scal or key |
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| divided parts where there is normally one |
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| with feeling, with expression |
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| a study or exercise focusing on a particular technical or musical problem |
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| last movement of a multi-movement work |
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| exact, appropriate or usual tempo |
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| a glide from one note to the next |
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| pitch difference between two notes |
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| sharps or flats placed at the beginning of a selection indicating its key |
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| return to normal position |
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| ritardando (ritard. or rit.) |
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| free use of accel. and rit. within a measure without altering the duration of the measure as a whole |
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| a section solo, a group of soloists |
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| solemn and very, very slow |
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| slightly faster than andante |
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| moderate, neither fast nor slow |
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| the fastest conventional tempo |
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| held, sustained for full value |
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| a rapid alteration between the written note and the diatonic second above it |
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| together on the same part or in octaves |
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| a primarily connected bow stroke with distinct, separate bows |
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| connecting more than one note per bow without stopping |
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| short, stopped strokes with the bow remaining on the string |
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| stroke with the bow bouncing off the string |
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| slightly enuciate each note within a slure using bow weight and speed |
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| hammered; heavily accented staccato |
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| an effect produced by rapidly alternating down and up bows |
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| linked spiccato notes in the same direction |
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| thrown/rebound stroke usually in groups of 2 or 3 |
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| flute-like bowing played near the fingerboard |
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| the effect produced by striking the string with the stick |
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| an icy, whistling effect produced by striking the string with the stick |
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| used for viola and trombone to avoid excess ledger lines; middle C is the center line |
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| used for cello, trombone, basson and double bass; middle C is the fourth line from the bottom |
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| slight variation of pitch by left hand motion used to add warmth |
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| diatonic scales with half-steps between 3-4 and 7-8 |
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| diatonic scales with half-steps between 2-3 and 5-6 |
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| natural minor scales with the 7th scale degree raised a half-step; this adds a half-step between 7-8, and an interval of 1.5 steps between 6-7 |
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| natural scales where the 6th and 7th scale degrees are raised one half step in the ascending form creating half steps between 2-3 and 7-8; these notes are lowered to their naturals state in the descending scale, making it identical to the natural minor |
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