| Romantic artists often depicted scenes of |
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| Extreme violence and suffering |
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| Many romantic composers created unique music that reflected their _________________ |
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| When composers deliberately created music with specific national identity, using folk songs, dances, legends, and histories, it was known as |
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| When composers wrote music based on foreign lands and cultures |
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| Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene |
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| Specifies the nonmusical element via a title or explanatory comments |
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| Uses chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scales |
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| The slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo |
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| When a melody returns in a later movement or section of a romantic work and has been changed in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm. |
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| French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars |
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| Caused much of the aristocracy to not be able to afford to hire musicians as skilled servants, thus contributing to the development of a greater number of “free artists” |
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| By the late 1800s, women could not only study musical performance, but this as well |
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| Composition for solo voice and piano |
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| An integral part of the composer’s concept in the art song is the |
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| Repeating the same music for each stanza of a poem |
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| Creating new music for each stanza of a poem |
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| When the same music is repeated for only some stanzas (Ex. ABA) |
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| A set of songs grouped together by a story line or a musical idea |
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| The earliest master of the Art Song |
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| 143 works when he was eighteen, including The Erlkonig, and 179 works when he was nineteen, including two symphonies, an opera, and a mass |
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| Schubert died of this disease at age thirty-one |
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| The Trout (1817) was composed by |
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| Robert Schumann desired to become this in his early twenties but was prevented from doing so due to problems with his fingers |
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| Schumann founded and edited the |
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| Schumann married his teacher’s daughter _______ |
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| Carnaval (1834-35) was composed by |
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| Clara Wieck Schumann often played compositions by her husband and their close friend _________ |
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| After her husband’s death, Clara Schumann stopped this |
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| Frederic Chopin was known as |
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| Chopin preferred to play for ___________ instead of in concert halls |
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| Private, intimate gatherings |
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| The daughters of the rich and aristocratic |
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| A night piece, or slow, lyrical, intimate composition for piano; a favorite of Chopin |
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| Study piece designed to help the performer master a certain skill or technique on the piano |
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| Etude in C Minor, or Revolutionary, was composed by |
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| A piece in triple meter, originated as a stately dance for the Polish nobility |
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| A trail of broken hearts from Paris to Moscow |
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| Liszt was determined to become like this virtuoso violinist, but on the piano |
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| Liszt composed this etude |
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| Franz Liszt’s music was considered by some to be |
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| Vulgar and bombastic; others reveled in its extroverted romantic rhetoric |
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| This composer’s music was deeply rooted in classical tradition, and his personal life was also much more traditional than his contemporaries |
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| Felix Mendelssohn resurrected the music of this classical composer by conducting St. Matthew’s Passion |
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| Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene |
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| Instrumental pieces that are music for music’s sake; the opposite of program music |
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| A composition in several movements; as its name implies, a symphony with a program |
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| Has one movement, usually in sonata form. |
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| Symphonic poem (tone poem) |
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| A one-movement composition that may take many traditional forms–sonata form, rondo, or theme and variations–or an irregular form. |
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| Music meant to be performed before and during a play; sets the mood for certain scenes. |
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| This fiery composer became furious if a conductor tampered with a composer’s orchestration |
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| Berlioz fell madly in love with Harriet Smithson, a Shakespearean actress, and wrote his this based on her |
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| A single, repeated melody associated with a person; used by Berlioz to represent the beloved in his Symphonie Fantastique |
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| Tchaikovsky was married for two weeks before getting divorced; apparently, he married only to hide his |
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| Tchaikovsky did not get his start in music until age |
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| Tchaikovsky’s benefactress, whom he never met, and who suddenly cut off her support for no apparent reason |
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| Nadezhda von Meck, a very rich widow with eleven children |
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| Perhaps Tchaikovsky’s most well-known piece, written for a ballet score |
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| Antonin Dvorak was little-known until receiving a recommendation from this composer |
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| While in America, Dvorak became interested in |
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| Native American melodies and African American spirituals |
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| Brahms was repulsed by the music of this composer |
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| Brahms career flourished in large part due to his endorsement by and friendship with |
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| Brahms never composed in this form |
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| Brahm’s works are deeply rooted in the musical tradition of these previous composers |
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| Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven |
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| A German Requiem (1868) was composed by |
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| Giuseppe Verdi was the most popular of all |
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| Verdi’s intense love of music as a child inspired his parents to buy him this |
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| Verdi vowed to composer no more after his comic opera failed due to a lack of inspiration caused by |
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| The deaths of his infant children and his beloved wife |
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| To Verdi, this ancient people group symbolized the enslaved Italians |
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| Verdi’s operas often scandalized critics due to the apparent support of |
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| rape, suicide, and free love |
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| Verdi did not compose for the elite, but for |
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| La donna e mobile is one of opera’s two most popular pieces and is found in Verdi’s opera entitled |
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| Verdi’s successor as the most popular opera composer of his time was |
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| This modern Broadway musical is based on the story of La Boheme, one of Puccini’s most successful operas |
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| Puccini spent as much time polishing this as he did composing the music |
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| This opera’s plot has been summarized as “boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl are reunited as girl dies of consumption in boy’s arms and curtain falls.” |
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| Was so successful, he had his own opera house built in Bayreuth, Germany |
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| This composer shamelessly lived off of other people and accumulated enormous debts that he never repaid |
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| For Wagner, the opera house was a |
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| Short musical idea associated with a person, an object, or a thought in the drama |
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| Wagner’s gigantic cycle of four music dramas are collectively called |
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| The last great Austrian romantic conposer |
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| By the time he was 28, Mahler was the director of the |
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| At 37, Mahler converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism, at least in part so that he could conduct the |
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| Mahler’s music is known for its extreme shifts in |
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