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- Audiences and Concert Halls Grow
- Innovative composers, conservative public
- critics begin to play an importnant role
- More and more public concerts
- larger orchestras
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- Music has an extra musical program
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- Strings
- Violin I, II, Viola, Cello, Bass (more players/part)
- Woodwinds
- Flute I, II, Piccolo, Oboe I, II, English Horn, Clarinet I, II, Eb Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon I, II, Contrabassoon
- Brass
- Horn I, II, III, IV, Trumpet I, II, Trombone I, II, III,Tuba
- Percussion
- 3 Timpani, Bass Drum, Snare Drum, Cymbals, triangle, bell, Piano
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- Chromatic Harmony
- Expanded Harmony
- Expanded Forms
- Broad, Assymetrical Melodies
- Tempo Rubato
- Virtuosic writing
- Rise of Celebrity performer
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- Program Music is very popular
- Popular Genres
- Program Symphony
- Concert Overture
- Incidental Music
- Symphonic Poem
- Connection between music and other arts
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- Character pieces, nocturnes, etc.
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- Large Scale Symphonie, tone poems, etc.
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- Recurring themes and motives
- thematic transformations
- cyclic themes or motives
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- 1797-1828
- Shy, living in Beethoven’s Shadow
- Schubertriads: Evenings of Chamber Music
- Died at 31 from Syphilis
- Wrote 600+ lieder
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- Lied: German Art song for voice and piano
- personal expression
- miniature (short, one mvt)
- Forms: Strophic, modified strophic, through-composed
- Piano: instrument of middle class
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- Through composed lied
- Text by Goethe
- Macabre folk-tale
- Characters (sung by one person)
- Narrator (middle range)
- Father (low range)
- Erlkonig (major key, smooth)
- Horse: pian, obsessive repetitive motives
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- Short, 1 movement piano piece
- Usually programmatic
- Examples
- Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat
- R. Schubert, Carnaval
- Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, op 15, No.2
- Fluid Decorated melodies
- Formal Sections blurred
- ;A; Theme always ornamented in its return
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- Grand Opera (historical drama, spectacle)
- Opera Comique
- Comic opera with spoken dialogue
- Opera Lyrique
- Blend of Grand opera and Comic Opera
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- Singspiel
- Light opera, spoken dialogue
- Musik-Drama
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- Opera Seria
- Opera Buffa
- Similar to classical styles
- musical style updated though
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- Italian Nationalist
- Operas often seem patriotic
- Problems with Austrian Censor
- Wrote primarily operas, one requiem mass
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- Bel Canto: "Beautiful Singing"
- Diatonic Harmony
- Simple Orchestral Accompaniment
- Singable, Pleasant Melodies
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- Reinvents German Opera
- Conceived as Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work)
- Music, Drama, Literature and Visual Arts together
- Wrote his own libretti
- Titled his works "Musical Dramas"
- Ludwig II of Bavaria built him a theater in Bayreuth and subsidized productions
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- Integrated Music and Theatre
- Replaces singspiel
- Plots based on German myth and philosophy
- Continuous music, not like the "number" operas of Mozart and Verdi
- Chromaticism and Dissonance
- Breakdown of tonal harmony
- Leitmotiv: theme used to represent a character, idea etc.
- Endless Melody: continuous music, no recitative or aria
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- Symphonic Poem
- Program Symphonies
- Mahler’s symphonies are a great example
- Other works don’t fit into traditional formal boundaries
- Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition
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| Musical Styles of Late Romantics |
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- Takes elements of Romantic music further
- Highly chromatic
- approaching tonal ambiguity
- Forms continue to expand
- 5 mvt symphony
- extended development sections
- Longer Works
- Even more emotiona, individual context
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- Movement I
- Slow Introduction(Optional), Sonata Allegro Form, tonic key
- Movement II
- Sonata Allegro, ABA, or Theme and Var
- Different Key, Slow, Lyrical; varied moods
- Movement III
- Scherzo, trio in tonic key, two sections each, fast
- Movement IV
- Rondo, or other form, Home key; Allegro, Presto, lighter than Mvt I
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