| What Year was ‘the defense of Ft. McHenry’ written. By Whom? |
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| Written in 1775, John Stafford Smith |
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| What year was the SSB made the National anthem? |
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| What year was the Ainsworth Psalter printed? |
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| the Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in the new world, was printed when? |
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| Describe the process of ‘Lining Out’ (the Old Way) |
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| Lining out is a call and response between leaders and congregation |
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| Written in 1551 by Loys Bourgeouis |
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| Why did the colonial church settle America? Two primary reasons |
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| Money and Religious Independence |
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| Puritan Leader, used singing as social control, didn’t believe in Old Way (Lining out) |
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known as sacred harp today, first american music.
William Billings and Daniel Read composers |
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1794 by Daniel Read (day job as Comb Manufacturer)
notice loud, almost yelling aesthetic |
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| Early American Psalmody form |
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| teaching system developed 1801, pedagogical solfege system |
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| 1770, published first tunebook attributed solely to New World composer; father of American Choral Music |
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| 1770, William Billings, Anthem of the American Revolution |
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| innovation, independence, breaking with past influences |
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| Reformer, founder of Public school music in U.S., wrote Joy to the World |
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| 8 aspects of musical careers |
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Composing
Performing
Teaching
Writing/ Research
Manufacturing
Distributing
Aministration/ Management
Repair/ Maitenance |
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| balance many different musical aspects in order to make a living |
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| Steps to Copyrighting a Work |
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record it in permanent medium
(poor man’s copyright: Mail paper copy to self and don’t open) |
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| concept of self and community |
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| Ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, education, region, beauty, ability |
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| What was the start of Blackface/Ethiopian Minstrelsy? |
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began late 1820’s/30’s
White imitating blacks, racist and expletive |
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| begins with Virgina Minstrels, founded by Dan Emmet in 1843 |
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| Minstrelsy tune, instrumentation: bones, fiddle, tenor banjo, tambourine, voice, Dan Emmet (1843) |
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Zip Coon (Northern dandy, finely dressed)
Wench (men crossdressed as women)
Jim Crow (Southern bumpkin, created 1830) |
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| Stephen Foster brought into the parlor, didn’t want to associate with Minstrelsy |
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| Stephen Foster, 1851, ‘Parlor minstrel tunes’ |
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| Early force of Instrumental music in U.S., brought Western Euro musical styles |
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| Concert Variations on SSB, written for Organ |
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first native born American composer
Singed Declaration of Independence
claimed: designed US Flag, written first US opera |
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| Inventor, made the Glass Harmonica – 1761 |
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Philadelphia Sonatas
Pianist, composer, teacher,
works not published until 1978 |
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| David Moritz Michael (1751-1827) |
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Moravian Composer (german influence)
wind music
Harmoniemusk (foundation of later wind band music |
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| Anthony Philip Heinrich (1781-1861) |
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German Born
“Beethoven of America”
lived in a log cabin, isolationist |
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First American-born Symphonist
Fund’s Academy of Music (1820) |
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US Tours 1850-53
‘Swedish Nightengale’
Sponsored by P.T. Barnum, then managed self |
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sponsored Lind US tour
Mass Marketing; Lind Fever’ |
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| Louis Gottschalk (1829-69) |
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Jewish/Creole Composer
Similar to Liszt compositionally
worked mostly outisde of US |
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1855, Louis Gottschalk
character piece for the piano imitating the sounds of the banjo |
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1848-54
Revolution refugees perform European masterworks |
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| Issue with American Composers – no supportq |
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Orchestras didn’t have financial stability to play new music
composition not deeply rooted in American Psyche
German catalogs were in wide demand, dominated repertoire |
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‘Boston Six’
Members believed in friendships, not a formal school
first musicologists seeking respect
mostly building to higher music education
first successful composers |
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| John Knowles Paine (1839-1906) |
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one of first music Profs at Harvard
Taught at BU |
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Studied at NEC/ Harvard with Knowles
Opened teaching school on Beacon Hill |
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| George W. Chadwick (1854-1931) |
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Director at NEC
founded Music Teachers National Association
founding member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
wanted to write Germanic Music, criticized for not being American enough |
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from George Chadwick’s Symphonic Sketches (1900)
note rich orchestration |
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self-taught child prodigy, calvinist background
first American Female composer
symphony premiered by BSO |
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Amy Beach, 1894
similar style to New World Symphone
quotes Irish folk tunes
slower movement |
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| Edward Macdowell (1860-1908) |
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Columbia University’s first prof of music
wrote piano concertos
‘Rival’ of Ices |
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MacDowell
slow piano
from woodland sketches |
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| song: “Presto Giocoso from piano concerto” |
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| Criticisms of 2nd NE School |
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not ‘American’ (most studied in germany)
not mavericks
too elitist |
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| Antonin Dvorak in America |
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Director of Nat’l conservatory in NYC
Drew upon ‘American Musical materials’ (Negro/ American Indian music) |
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Dvorak’s Copyist, “Go Down Moses” recorded 1919
first black students admitted to NY conservatory |
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| song: “New World” Symphony |
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Dvorak, most frequently performed American piece
inspired by Native Americans |
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Knowles Paine – racist, folk melodies don’t advance music
Amy Beach – Negro music needs to be credited to them; their suffering |
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institutions part of the creative process of music
Handel/Hadyn Society (1815-Present): “Historically informed performance” |
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| Organization of Orchestras |
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Musicians, staff, board of directors (least to most power)
little contact between top & bottom |
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| Chicago Symphony as a corporate model |
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musicians, staff, trustees, governing members, corporate sponsors, foundations
Board makes decisions, caters to listeners
Amateurism devalued
Community donations valued |
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1975-present
publically financed youth orchestra Venezuala
Jose Antonio Abreu, founder
300,000+ musicians
teaches human values and life skills to kids from poor communities |
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| Fisk Jubilee Singers (1871) |
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choir from Nashville HS
toured post-civil war to raise money
had little money because most are former slaves
huge popularity |
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Patron of the arts – established Nat’l conservatory of Musioc 1885 (modelling French music ed system [gov’t funded conservatory training])
provided aid to students regardless of race
Invited Dvorak to NY Conservatory |
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first African-American Genre to hit US mainstream
Mixture of African and European traditions
‘Ragged Time’ (syncopation
composed, not improvised |
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| Afro-American slave dance parodying white owners |
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| song “Stars and Stripes Forever” |
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| Sousa, 1896, March form with strains and trio |
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| Important Ragtime composers |
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James Scott
Scott Joplin
Joseph Lamb |
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1897, Scott Joplin
first 1 million sold song
marketed as ‘classic ragtime’ |
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| winds, brass, drums, strings |
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1940s became popular with Dixieland Jazz
1960s aficionados
1972 The Sting (movie) |
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Colleciton of music players along 28th between 5th and broadway
1885-90, 20’s-50’s |
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Olicer Ditson & Co, large catalog, not many popular songs, bankrupt
M. Witmark & songs pop songs and survived |
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Charles K. Harris 1982
hit of the decade, sold 5 million copies
verse-chorus structure
32-bar song form |
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verse/chorus
lyrics in verses told story
chorus is a hook (song’s title)
influence jazz structure |
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Formulaic to a point
follow conventions,
memorable chorus |
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Born israel, only played in F#, huge TPA success, also broadway and hollywood composer
perfectionist |
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| song: “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” |
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1911, Berlin, his first big hit both in US and abroad
sold 2 million copies in a year |
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| Swiss, education philosphy impacted lowerll mason |
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1874-1954,
substance vs. manner; avoidance of ‘beauty’
meaning and intent most important
manly music
heavy quotation |
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| Garcia Family, introduced opera to America 1825, Barber of Seville and Don Giovonni |
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1840-60
Self published/distributed
written about concord, Mass; movements centered around American Transcendentalist Authors
Emerson, Hawthorne, Alcotts, Thoreau |
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| cyclical slave chant, call and response to spite the plantation owner, no audience, in ring formation |
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| John Philip Sousa (1854-1832) |
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Born on Capitol Hill, Director of U.S. Marine Band at 26
innovator
135 independent works + others, played arrangements differently |
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| first African-American bandmaster of the U.S. Navy, from St. Thomas, inspired by Sousa, self-taught |
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| song: “The Governor’s own” |
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| Alton Adams 1921, wrote piece to mimic the step of the USVI’s first naval administrator |
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It’s Jazz. important for civil rights music, stems from blend of african and euro traditions
syncopation
improvisation
percussion
rhythm
blue notes |
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earliest surviving style of jazz
front line – cornet, clarinet, tombrone
Rhythm section – tuba,. bajo, piano, drums |
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| 1923, collective improvisation |
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Illicit, part of post WWI disillusionment (isolation, hedonism)
flappers, early sexual revolution
jazz was the soundtrack |
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| Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) |
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Born and raised New Orleans
definite jazz
‘inventor’ of scat singing |
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1928, pianist Earl Hines
fanfare, melody, elaboration, departure
call and response w/ scat
held note/ end with flourish |
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| Duke Ellington (1899-1974) |
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pianist, leader, composer
c. 2000 compositions
wrote for bandmembers more than instruments |
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| song: “Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue” |
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| song on two sides of a record, two parts of the same, longer song |
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| Minstrel aspects still required of black performers in U.S. Mainstream (Armstong in jungle costume) |
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Born Elenora Fagan 1915,
considered by many to be the foremost jazz singer ever |
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| song: “Swing, Brother Swing” |
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| 1937 Count Basie Orchestra, |
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cafe society, interracial NYC club, 1939
anti-Lynching song written by Abel Meeropol (Jewish school teacher) under name Lewis Allen Inspired by 1930 photograph of killing of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith |
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