rock n’ roll

where did it come from and who’s a prominent composer?

early came from jazz

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Chuck Berry

What was rock n’ roll’s characteristic sound?
drums, electric guitars, double bass

written as dance music

pointed words and shout singing

What was the importance of Strawberry Fields Forever?
first use of electronics to manipulate the vocals
Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club And was important because…
it was the first song to come with lyrics
define “free jazz”
jazz that blurred lines between solo and accompaniment, eliminated standard elements of them, fixed meters, chord progressions, and tonality
Who were Ornett Coleman and Miles Davis?
Leaders in free jazz and exploring jazz styles
What was fusion/jazz fusion?
A mix of rock n’ roll and jazz
Impressionism

composer and definition

Debussy

uses color and blurs harmony, rhythm, and harmony

Whole Tone Scale

C&D

Debussy

scale with all whole steps

Pentatonic scale

C&D

Debussy

M2, M2, m3, M2, m3

octatonic scale

C&D

Liszt and Debussy

M2,m2, M2, m2, M2, m2

primitivism

C&D

Stravinsky

abandon triadic harmony, voice leading, and M or m diatonic scales, rhythm important

quartal harmony

C&D

Ives

chords built on 4ths

polytonal harmony
contrasting triads, each set of instrumental group plays own chord
ragtime

C&D

Joplin

duple, 8 or 16 bar units, syncopation with steady beat, AABBACCDD

jazz
is more of an approach, no true definition, approach with intonational freedom, rhythmic freedom, lots of improv
blues
lament, sad, blues note, 12 bar blues form
12 bar blues form
I-1234 IV-12 I-34 V-12 I-34

4/4

blues note
low leading tone, 3 and 7
vamp
a short progression of chords that can be repeated until the entrance of voice
verse and chorus
verse- 16 measures that end on a half cadence

chorus-32 bars, 8A, 8A, 8B(bridge), 8A

bridge
connects A themes
song form
came from swing

8A, 8A, 8B, 8A

scat singing

C&D

Ella Fitzgerald

using nonsense syllables and syncopation on pitch, using voice as instrument of band

swing

c&d

duke ellington

hard meter, avoided cadences and downbeats, big bands, rhythm very important

country
rustic, played with instruments that could be played outside

grand ole opry born from it

atonal
pieces which lack a tonal center
serial composition

C&D

Schoenberg

use all 12 notes before repeating any

used chart which gave all possible combinations

prime, inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion
prime-row played straight across
inversion-switch direction of all leaps of prime
retrograde-prime backwards
retrograde inversion-inversion backwards
aleatory music
used chance in music
bluegrass
acoustic string ensemble with strings plucked instead of strummed, beat anticipated, singers sing in the upper end of their registers
synthesized electronic sound
milton babbitt

Midi files, used electronic devices to adjust sound, forbidden planet

Grand Ol Opry
Jimmy Thompson

brought country music to radio, became an institution and launched many careers

West Side Story
Leonard Bernstein’s

Sondheim libretto, gritty and realistic

Highly Choreographed

Prelude a l’ Apresmidi d’ un faune
Debussy’s beginning of impressionism

lots of sevenths, parallel fifths, and no theme

the cage
about a leopard in a cage

uses quartal harmony

ives

le sacre du printemps
Stravinsky

Primitivism

Maple Leaf Rag
Rag written in ragtime style

Joplin

It Don’t Mean a Thing
Swing style

Ellington

blue note

Pierrot lunaire
atonal Schoenberg work
Roll Over, Beethoven
Chuck Berry

rock n’ roll

limited melodic range, I & V chord progressions, formal structure and rhythms repetitive

Debussy
Impressionism, had no pupils, but many impersonators
Ives
Went to school for music, then did insurance, then invented quartal harmony and dealt in impressionism

not famous during his lifetime

Stravinsky
3 periods

Russian-extreme chromaticism
Neoclassical-greater economy of both means and expression
Serialist-used serial composition

Joplin
most famous AA composer of his time and most famous ragtime composer of his time

wanted to do operas

Maple Leaf Rag

Ellington
Large in Big Band

Wrote Swing and Big Band pieces
Greatest jazz composer of time

Ella Fitgerald
Very talented and famous big band, scat, blues, and jazz singer

ease to her singing

Bartok
folk music
Schoenberg
3 stages

Early-advanced chromaticism
Middle-atonal
Late-serial composition

Babbitt
used combinatorial in one of his pieces
Cage (composer)
Electronic, Aleatory*, and Percussion
Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley
Rock n’ roll artists

suggestive body language while performing

paved way

Beatles
Strawberry Fields Forever

Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band

used electronics and non-western instruments along with orchestra

treemonisha
opera written by joplin
historicism
when composers embrace the forms and styles of earlier generations while presenting them in an original way
absolute music
music for musics sake
program music
music with an outside story
nationalism
composers being very proud of there countries of origin, using styles and themes native to their country
symphony
beethoven was king

getting very large, and end all of instrumental forms

idee fixe
berlioz used it in his symphonie fantastique
concerto oveture
leonore oveture

overtures of operas being performed alone

study romantic
do it
concerto
soloist separate entity

composer/instrumental virtuoso era

still 3 movements, fast, slow, fast

lied
german name for song
song cycle
songs grouped together to tell a story

schubert

minstrel songs
Foster

made fun of AA, white men in black face

parlor songs
like lieds but performed in parlors of people’s homes
melodie
big in france, like french song

first french song cycle which led to orchestral song, written by Berlioz

tempo rubato
give and take in tempo

chopin

character piece
song for just piano
bel canto
literally beautiful singing, a vocal technique that emphasizes lyrical melodic lines, legato phrasing, and seemingly effortless vocal technique
Rossini, what opera
Barber of Seville

Also, has aria and cabaletta, begins slow and ends with a lively conclusion

Grand Opera and opera comique
grand emphasized story lines drawn from historical subjects and typically featured very lavish stages, ballets, and choral numbers
long and 5 acts, sung in french

Opera Comique
not comic, allowed for spoken dialoge and less emphasis on ballet, stage design, and crowd scenes

Gesamtkunstwerk
Gesamtn, meaning synthesized
kunst, meaning art
werk, meaning work

all pieces able to be independent, but also great together, music and drama should be mutually motivating

leitmotiv
motives associated with certain things, but change as the thing or person changes
tristan chord
F, B, D#, G#

from rigoletto

stabrheim
staff rhyme

initial and internal sounds of two or more different words is where the rhyme scheme happens

operetta
like small scale opera, partially musical theatre, lighter, gilbert and sullivan
quadrille, waltz, polka
popular dances to which music was put during the 19th century
Grand Galop
lively end to a night of dancing, people held each other tight and ran in a circle
dance and march form
dance: periodic phrase structure, 4 or 8 measure units, ABA

march: units of 4, 8, 16, and 32 measure s

ballet
theatrical dance

tchaikovsky-sleeping beauty, nutcracker, swan lake

symphonic poem
listz coined, is a concert overture written for concert hall and not for a show
klezmer music
steady oompah bass with rhythmically free winds above
nationalistic elements in symphonies
Tchaikovsky

Heinrich, Columbiad: Grand American National Chivalrous Symphony