atonal
no pitch center
pitch class
notes that share the same name (enharmonic/octave equivalence)
integer notation
using #’s instead of pitches
Mod12
12 tone math- 0 up to E (11)
Interval Class
up to 6. All intervals that can be made from pitch classes
Pitch class interval (ordered, unordered)
unordered PCi=ic1..2, etc. ordered- {1,3,5}
Pitch-class set
group of unordered pitch classes
Set class
pitch class set that = all possible transpositions/inversions starting with 0
Subset
a set of pitches taken from a larger set
Superset
extended sets or subsets of pitches
Normal Order
most compact form of the order set to the left
Prime form
normal order starting with 0
dodecaphonic
music using all 12 tones
Serial Music
composed with ordered elements other than notes
12-tone row
an order of all 12 chromatic pitches
“Forms” of the row
P, I, R, RI
Hexachordal Combinatoriality
2 forms of the same row creating an aggregate
Aggregate
collection of all 12 pitches
Derivation
12 tone row constructed with repeating groups of PC set
Hauptstimme
main line or part
Klangfarben
sound color melody (more than 1 inst. on melody)
Sprechstimme
speech singing
aleatoricism
any element left to chance in music
bird calls
using instruments to imitate bird calls
Experimentalism
music that pushes boundaries and has new, distinctive elements
expressionism
distorting reality with emotion
extended technique
unusual sound/technique for instruments
folk music
music of the people (Bartok)
impressionism
19th century art music (Debussy)
Integral Serialism
applying serialism to elements other than pitch
micropolyphony
cluster chords formed from chromatic lines
minimalism
repetition and gradual change of simple elements (limited materials)
Modes of Limited Transposition
whole tone, can’t be transposed more than 7 times
neo-classicism
20th century return to classical elements avoiding the excess of romanticism
Non-retrogradable rhythms
same front to back- palindrome
ostinato
persistant musical figure
“Pierrot” ensemble
Shoenberg- named after Pierrot Lunaire (clarinet, flute, piano, violin, cello, piano, singer)
planing
connecting chords through parallel motion
player piano
piano that plays itself
populism
music that consciously appeals to the masses- Gershwin, Bernstein
“Sound Mass”
Ligeti- music using sound clusters to introduce new music (timbre/dynamics)
Symbolism
Debussy
Tempo Modulation
Elliot Carter- change of tempo when the note value of the 1st tempo equals the note value of the second tempo
tone cluster
chord with 3 or more adjacent 1/2 steps
John Adams
Post-minimalist- traditional ensembles, return to romantic elements, melody, chromatic harmony (Short Ride in a Fast Machine, El Nino)
Louis Andriessen
Minimalist, Jazz- “boogie bass” strange instrumentation (The Style)
Milton Babbitt
Integral Serialism- “Who Cartes if You Listen?” (Semi-Simple Variations)
Bela Bartok
Nationalism/Folk music- valued symmetry, strange meters (String Quartet)
Alban Berg
12 tone- tonal allusion, quotation (Violin Concerto)
John Cage
Chance/Alleatoric- prepared piano, percussion (4’33”)
Henry Cowell
String Piano, tone cluster (The Banshee)
Claude Debussy
Impressionism/Symbolism- Planing, pedal tones, extended tertian harmonies, new scales
Philip Glass
collaborate, minimalist- simple arpeggios and scales, additive rhythms, formed Philip Glass ensemble (Music in 12 Parts)
Gyorgy Ligeti
Hungarian, sound mass (Atmospheres, Etudes for Piano)
Charles Ives
Experimentalism-American, collage technique, quotations (The Cage, 3 Places in New England)
Oliver Messiaen
French, bird calls, non-retrogradeable rhythms, modes of limited transposition (Quartet for the End of Time)
Steve Reich
Minimalism- phasing, process pieces, clapping music (Tehillim, Music for Mallet Inst. and Organ)
Arnold Shoenberg
atonal, experimentalist, late romantic, 12-tone- scprecstimme (Pierrot Lunaire)
Igor Stravinsky
Neo-classicism- Russian, changing meter, syncopation, blocks of sound, polytonality, ostinato (Rite of Spring, Requiem Canticles)
Edgar Varese
experimentalist- French, percussion, sound mass, Liberation of Sound (Ionisation)
Anton Webern
2nd Viennese school- miniatures, pointillism, timbre
V7/I, V7/i
Major-sol, none
Minor- sol, ti
V7/ii
Major- la, di
V7/iii
Maj- ti, ri-fi
Min- te, n/a
V7/IV, V7/iv
Maj- do, te
Min- do, mi
V7/V
Maj- re, fi
Min- re, fi/la
V7/vi, VI
Maj-mi, si
Min- me, ra
1
i, iio2, iv6/4
2
V6/4, V4/3, viio6
3
i6, III
4
iv, iio6, iio6/5, V2
5
V, V7, i6/4
6
VI, iv6
7
V6, V6/5, v6