| What is significant about Greek notation |
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minimal amounts still exist
Dont know what it sounded like
scholar differ on how to interpret it |
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| What was the Epitaph of Seikilos |
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A Greek drinking song
music noatation was carved into tombstone |
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| Fom writings and paintings Greek music was likely what 3 things |
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monophonic
involved improvisation
involved voices and instruments |
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| What were the 2 Greek instruments |
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| a Greek string instrument |
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| player held 2 pipes in mouth in a v shape |
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| What lasting influence did the Greeks have |
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| their concepts concerning music have profoundly influenced he history of western art music |
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| what are some eaxamples of modern words with Greek origins |
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| melody, harmony, symphony, orchestra, chorus |
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| how did the greeks combine music with other art |
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the sang poetry
included dance with music |
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| Due to their musical interaction with other arts the greeks had a lasting impact on what? |
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| songs, opera, chorus, and ballet |
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| the notion of proper music is _____ relevant now but was _____ relevant in the history of Christianity |
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| What does a musical therapist do |
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| uses music to relieve distress |
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| What do Greek myths of music describe |
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| overwhelming even magical powers of music |
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| What are 2 examples of Greek musical mythology |
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Orpheus could move rocks by playing lyre
Orpheus used his music to enter hades and bring his wife back from the dead |
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musical moral and ethical aspect
how it effects mood |
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| What did the Greeks believe music was able to do |
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not only change ones mood but their very self
heal the sick |
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| give 2 examples of pythagoras exploring acoustics |
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tuning of musical instruments
measured intervals based on consonance and dissonance |
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| Based on the greek music theory how is a octave created |
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| by shortening the string to half the original length |
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| Based on the greek music theory how is a fifth created |
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| by shortening the string to 2/3 original length |
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| Based on the greek music theory how is a fourth created |
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| by shortening the string to 3/4 original length |
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| Using _________ the Greeks developed a system of seven note scales called _______ |
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pythagorean intervals
modes |
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| Why is the greek mode system relevant |
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| we still use the names today |
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| Describe the Apollo religious sect’s music |
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| calm, orderly, balanced (classical) |
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| describe the Dionysus religious sect’s music |
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| racous, suitable for drama, revelry, and competitive games (romantic) |
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| What is the classical approach to art |
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| more restrained, emphasis on formal design |
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| what the romantic approach to art |
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| more concerned with emotional expression |
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| Did the Romans embrace greek pratcices? |
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| What happened to europe after the fall of rome? |
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left in turmoil
arts did not flourish |
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| When was the medieval period? |
|
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| when was the renaissance period |
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| when was the baroque period? |
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| when was the classical period? |
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| when was the romantic period |
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| The arts began to flourish after the ____ century being supported by______ |
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10th
rising christian church |
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| Describe the historical perspective of the medieval period |
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chaotic period of social an political unrest
near constant warfare
long periods of drought, famine, and widespread disease |
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| Describe the Medieval piece of art Annunciation, and who created it? |
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An angel announces to Mary that she will be the mother of Jesus
Simone Martini |
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| Describe the medieval piece of art South Rose Window, and Where is it located |
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it features Christ enthroned at the center with angels and agents of the apocalypse, reference from the book of Revelation
Chartres Cathedral |
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| What was so important about the Christian Church in the Medieval period |
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only effective unifying force in the western world
tried to suppress other religions and brig everyone to christianity |
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| Only what type of music was considered worthwhile to the medieval christian church |
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| vocal music with a religious text |
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| What happened to instrumental music in the medieval period |
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| it was destroyed or allowed to disappear |
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| Christians adopted ancient rites from what cultures? |
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| What ancient rites did the Greeks adopt form the jewish and greek cultures |
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daily prayer hours
singing of psalms
chanting during church |
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| What is a gregorian chant |
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| singing of religious text to simple melodies |
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it is a-capella
monophonic
rhythm is free and flexible |
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| one note of music per syllable |
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| describe melismatic chant |
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| What did Pope Gregory do? |
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organize the body of chants for easier use by churches
didnt actually compose chant |
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| What was used in early chant composition |
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| squiggly lines that reminded monks of the melodic contour |
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| what did later chants use in composition |
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| indicates staff more percisely |
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| Who was the Hildegard of Bingen |
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Woman who lived in convent
developed reputation as composer of sacred song an chant |
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| what was significant about the hildegard of bingen |
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| most composers were anonymous |
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| describe hildegards melodies |
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original compositions
wide range of pitch
wide interval leaps
melismatic
had drone accompaniment |
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| sustained tone sung by other singers |
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| how was early harmony created |
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| by monks adding a line of melody parallel to the original chant melody |
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| how was polyphony created |
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| monks eventually added 2 or more melodies that became independent of the original chant |
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| who was Guillame de Machaut |
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| what was Quillame de Machaut’s best work |
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| What does Renaissance mean |
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| what happened during the renaissance |
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| there was renewed interest in the classical arts of Greece and Rome |
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| What was most renaissance music considered |
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| describe sacred renaissance music |
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| many independent and vocal meodies |
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| Who was Giovanni Pierluigi de palestrina |
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1524-1594
wrote mostly sacred music for catholic church |
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| describe Palestrina’s music |
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| it was polyphonic but he made sure text was clearly audible |
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| What songs were used in the mass of Pope Marcellus |
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Lamb of God
who takest away the sins of the world
have mercy upon us |
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| who wrote “who takest away the sins of the world” |
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| who wrote “have mercy upon us” |
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| what were the renaissance instruments |
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lute
viols
recorders, trumpets, trombones
clavichord |
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| how is the clavichord played |
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| strings plucked with piece of metal |
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teemed with drama and contrast
secular art assumed importance with religious works |
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| Classicists thought what of baroque music |
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critical of it
using baroque meant odd or rough |
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| what do listeners today think of baroque music |
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| baroque painting featured what |
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the effect of light on objects
blinding light, religious fervor, and dramatic actions |
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| Describe the conversion of St. paul painting |
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by carvaggio
saul falls off horse blinded by light as God calls his name |
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| Describe baroque sculpture |
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| What 2 important structures did david bernini make |
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| describe the statue of david |
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| shows david hurling a stone at goliath |
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| describe the statue of apollo and daphne |
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| as apollo persues daphne her father turns her into a tree |
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| What did baroque composers do |
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wrote sacred and secular music in equal quality and quantity
wrote instrumental and vocal music in equal quality and quantity |
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| who were the primary employers of baroque composers |
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| the church, upperclass courts, and governments |
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| Describe the musical contrast of baroque music |
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very high
contrasted in mood, tempo, key etc. |
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| what genres of music were featured in the baroque period |
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| sonato, concerto, symphony, and dance |
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| describe the musical texture of baroque music |
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older polyphonic style
also used new homophonic texture |
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| describe musical harmony of baroque music |
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| composers wrote and thought of harmony in terms of vertical chords instead of horizontal |
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| who was claudio monteverdi |
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first composer of early opera 1567-1643
wrote L’orfeo |
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1607
just before orfeo is to be married his fiancee dies
he vows to follow her to the underworld and bring her back to life or stay with her there
based on Greek story |
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| who invented musical drama |
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| what was significant about opera in the baroque period |
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one of the most important developments
first skillful blending of all the arts |
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| what are the 2 styles of singing opera |
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| Describe recitative opera singing |
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suitable for rapid dialogue
melody reflects natural inflection of text
rhythm was free and flexible
texture was homophonic |
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| describe aria opera singing |
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purpose: character reflects on events
melody designed to express emotion
rhythm is metered
follows formal design
texture is homophonic |
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| a dramatic work similar to opera |
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singers are not characters
singers perform as equal members with orchestra on stage
chorus used extensively
also involve solo singer |
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Work contemplating the life of Christ
written by Handel |
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| What was Handel’s most famous work |
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| describe the hallelujah chorus of messiah |
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intro: string and harpsichord play joyful motive
hallelujah sung then again in different key |
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| describe the for the lord chorus of messiah |
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monophonic chorus
trumpets and timpani respond homophonically |
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| What string instruments were used in baroque orchestra |
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| violin, viola, cello, and bass |
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| what woodwinds were used in baroque orchestra |
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| oboe, bassoon, flute, recorder |
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| what brass instruments were used in baroque orchestra |
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| what were different about baroque instruments |
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stringed instruments used gut strings
flutes made from wood
trumpets didnt have valves |
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each key connected to a plectrum that plucked strings
regular member of baroque orchestra
gradually stopped being used around 1750 |
|
| describe baroque instrumental music |
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melody wasnt tuneful
harmony changes fast and complex
tempo steady and driving
dynamics were terraced with sudden contrast |
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| What are the textures for baroque instrumental and vocal music |
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|
| who were the major baroque composers |
|
claudio monteverdi
antonio vivaldi
johann bach
George Handel |
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| Bach’s music featured what |
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| What is Vivaldi most known for |
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| composing over 500 concertos, most for violin |
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| what is vivaldis most famous work |
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baroque
is programmatic
each concerto made up of 3 movements
lots of contrast |
|
| what is it mean if music is programmatic |
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| based on something other than the music |
|
| describe the form of spring in “the 4 seasons” |
|
a ritournello alternates between contrasting sections of music
each sections depicts an aspect of the sonnet |
|
| describe the winter part of “the 4 seasons” |
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mostly in minor key
tempo is very fast |
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| music that returns in a piece |
|
| describe bach’s “bradenburg concerto no. 2” |
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concerto grosso
soloists are trumpet, oboe, recorder, and violin |
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| describe the first movement of Bradenburg concerto no. 2 |
|
melody isnt tuneful
harmony fast changing
rhythm is driving
texture is polyphonic
mood is cheerful |
|
| describe the 2nd movement of Bradenburg concerto no. 2 |
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tempo is slow and unsteady
meter in 3
key is minor
dynamics are quieter
mood is serious |
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| describe the 3rd movement of Bradenburg concerto no. 2 |
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tempo is very fast
meter in 2
key is major
dynamics are louder
mood is joyous |
|
| who were the consummate classicists |
|
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Mozart
Ludwig Beethoven |
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|
|
| pleasant and good natured |
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| alot of invested emotional expression |
|
| describe beethoven’s music |
|
early works considered classic
middle and later works were romantic |
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| how is classical music different from baroque |
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composer’s valued emotional restraint
music is simpler
melodies more tuneful |
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| Who were the main classical music audiences |
|
rising middle class
upper class |
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| describe classical harmony |
|
simpler than baroque
chords change more slowly |
|
| describe classical texture |
|
homophonic
writing one melody with chords helped the audiences hear the melody better |
|
| describe classical dynamics |
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crescendos and diminuendos indicated for first time
dynamic range was larger and more subtle |
|
| What string instruments were used in a standard classical orchestra |
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| violins, viola, cello, bass |
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| what woodwind instruments were used in a standard classical orchestra |
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| 2 flute, 2 clarinet, 2 oboe, 2 bassoon |
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| what brass instruments were used in a standard classical orchestra |
|
| trumpet, french horn, trombone |
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| what percussion instruments were used in a standard classical orchestra |
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|
| what did the fortepiano do |
|
replaced harpsichord as main keyboard instrument
not a regular orchestra member |
|
| what was the “new” pianoforte |
|
felt covered hammers strike the strings
allowed for total dynamic control |
|
| classical composers wrote music according to ________ forms |
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| What was significant about form in classical music |
|
classical music was form conscious
multi-movement works |
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|
relies on tuneful melody
melody development is audible |
|
| what happens in sonata form expositions |
|
| main melodies get introduced |
|
| what happens in sonata form developement |
|
| melodies from exposition get developed and performed |
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| what happens in sonata form recapitulation |
|
| original melodies restated, coda ending often happens |
|
| What is the context for standard forms |
|
standard forms set up audience expectations
then break said expectations and create surprise |
|
|
|
involves the alternation between sections of music that return (A) with contrasting sections (BCD)
happens most often in final movement |
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|
| returns briefly to the opening meody |
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|
|
grandfather of classical music
taught beethoven briefly |
|
| who was the grandfather of classical music |
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|
child prodigy on piano
died in his 30s |
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|
studied with Haydn
early works classical
later works romantic |
|
| what replaced the harpsichord as the major keyboard instrument |
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| What became the predominant texture in classical music |
|
|
| Greek music had more ______ and _______ than previous music |
|
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| What was the Epitaph of Seikilos found on |
|
|
| Christians oppressed performances addressed to what |
|
|