Bhangra:
What is Bhangra & where is it from?
Originated as a folk dance, from the Punjab region of North India and Pakistan.
Bhangra:
What is the music led by?
Dhol – A double sided wooden barrel drum hit with two sticks.
Bhangra:
What is the rhythm that dominates both traditional and modern Bhangra?
Chaal.
Bhangra:
What is a characteristic of Bhangra?
Shouts of Hoi.
Bhangra:
What plays an important part in Bhangra?
Music technology, such as:
Sampling, Remix, Effects, Use of a drum machine, DJ techniques such as scratching.
Bhangra:
What sort of instruments are used?
Western instruments – Bass guitar, electric guitar and synthesizers.
Romantic period:
What were the 2 types of song that emerged in the romantic period?
The Strophic song – similar to a hymn.
The through-coomposed song – each verse is set to different music.
Romantic period:
2 composers of the romantic period?
Schubert & Brahms.
Romantic period:
When was the romantic period?
It lasted from the early 19th century to the start of the 20th century (1800s).
Romantic Period:
What type of music did Schubert & Brahms compose.
Lieder – Aims to bring to life the events, emotions, people and places in poetry.
Romantic period:
What element does the piano accompaniment although changing throughout the song, keep the same all the way through the piece?
Constant triplet rhythm.
Romantic period:
What are the pieces written for?
Usually for piano and voice.
Baroque Era:
When was the Baroque era?
1600-1750.
Baroque Era:
What sort of music was composed in the baroque era?
Expressive, tune and accompaniment texture became important.
Baroque Era:
What sort of key was the music in?
Based on major and minor scales. With a sense of music being in a key, which is called tonality.
Baroque Era:
What instruments dominated Baroque music?
Strings dominate in orchestral music.
Harpsichord used to fill out the chord – This is a real baroque fingerprint.
Baroque Era:
What is another feature of Baroque music?
Extensive use of ornaments – little decorations of the melody e.g trills.
(rapid alterations of two notes)
Baroque Era:
What is the base line played by?
Cello. Harpsichord or organ plays bass line aswell but plays chords to fill out harmony with right hand.
Baroque Era:
The trio sanata is the most important part of Baroque chambre music but what is a trio snata?
Two melody instruments and a continuo part – continuo often played by keybord or cello, & The 2 instruments can be almost anything but are usally violins.
Indian classical music:
What type of Indian music do we learn about?
Raga – Which is classical music from the North of India.
Indian classical music:
Where is Raga traditionally played?
At Hindu religious events. Performances take place at temples or festivals.
Indian classical music:
What are characteristics of Raga performances?
They are improvised but based on traditional tunes and rhythms.
Raga is not written down, but learnt by listening and memorising.
Indian classical music:
What are the instruments used in Raga?
Sitar – Plays improvised melody, each scale is named after a different time of day or season. (large, long necked string instrument)
Tabla – Plays rhythm called tala, the first beat of the tala is called the sam. (Similar shape to sitar but has just 4 main strings. Used for backing)
Tambura – Creates the harmony, its part is often called the drone.
(Pair of drums)
Indian classical music:
A typical raga has 4 sections, what are they?
The Alap – The sitar player introduces the notes of the chosen raga scale.
The Jhor – The music speeds up, but still just the tambura and sitar.
The Jhalla – This section is much faster but still doesn’t include the tabla.
The Gat – The tabla player comes in with the tala.
American Line Dance:
How old is line dancing?
100s of years old.
American Line Dance:
What allowed it to be socially acceptable?
Lack of physical contact.
American Line Dance:
How do you dance it?
You stand in 2 lines and all dance the same steps without touching, facing the same direction.
American Line Dance:
What are the 3 types of steps?
Boot scoot, Grapevine stomp and Heel dig.
American Line Dance:
What sort of music is line dance associated with?
Country and Western music.
From Appalachian mountains.
American Line Dance:
What was the name of the first choreographed line dance?
Tush Push.
Irish Jig and Reel:
How long has folk dance been present in Ireland?
For centuries.
Irish Jig and Reel:
The dances are social and are performed in groups, what are todays Irish social dances called?
Ceili – A social gathering with dance and music.
Irish Jig and Reel:
What is a performance dance, and when was it created?
Social dance that is performed to an audience, can be danced solo.
Developed in Ireland in mid 18th century.
Irish Jig and Reel:
What are the 4 types of jig?
Slip jig, light jig, single jig & hard jig
Irish Jig and Reel:
What part of your body do you use for Irish dancing?
Movement from the upper part of your body is limited. As you mostly use intricate footwork.
Irish Jig and Reel:
What type of steps do you do & what are the names of the different steps?
Fast energetic steps.
Step, hop, kick, jump, and crossing of legs.
Irish Jig and Reel:
What are the timings of a jig and a reel?
Jig – Compound time
Reel – Simple time
The Classical era:
What are the 3 main composers of classical music?
Haydn, Mozart, and the earlier works of Beethoven.
The Classical era:
When was the classical era?
Between 1750-1810.
The Classical era:
The harpsichord drops out of use, but what was it replaced by?
Piano.
The Classical era:
What was the musical texture like?
Lighter and clearer, less complicated that Baroque music. Tended to be homophonic (melody with accompaniment)
The Classical era:
What sort of character was the music?
Importance placed on grace and beauty.
Above all polished and elegant.
The Classical era:
What grew and became more balanced with woodwind as a self-contained section?
The Orchestra.
The Classical era:
What are the 4 Instrumental music importances?
Symphony – Piece for an orchestra.
Concerto – Piece for a solo instrument, backed by orchestra.
String quartet – Piece for 2 violins, viola and cello.
Sonata – Piece for piano or one instrument backed by piano.
Indonesian Gamelan:
Where does this music come from?
Islands, such as Bali and Java in Indonesia.
Indonesian Gamelan:
What type of instruments are used?
Percussion – Gongs of various shapes and sizes, each pitched to a different note or scale.
Metallophones, which are like xylophones with metal keys.
Drums, which are barrel shaped and double headed.
Indonesian Gamelan:
What are the other instruments that are sometimes included?
Bamboo flutes, bowed strings, plucked zithers, wooden xylophones and voices.
Indonesian Gamelan:
Gamelan instruments are usually tuned to a five-note (pentatonic) scale called?
Slendro.
Indonesian Gamelan:
A gamelan might have anything between 5-50 players, but how many usually?
10-20.
Indonesian Gamelan:
There are no musical conductors so how do players know when & what to play.
Players have to listen carefully to each other for musical signals.
Indonesian Gamelan:
What is the music usually led by?
By the drummer.
Indonesian Gamelan:
What are the 3 main features of Gamelan?
Melody – A short melody is played repeatedly on the mid-range metallophones, at a medium tempo.
Structure – The structure of the music is defined by the large gongs. Gamelan is repeated in cycles, and each cycle is called a gongan.
Mood – Sometimes the music is slow & quiet, creating a relaxed and meditative mood.
Indonesian Gamelan:
When was the significant year in which European musicians started to show a serious interest in Gamelan?
1889 French comosers such as – Claude Debussy, Francis Poulenc & Maurice Ravel
Club Dance:
How many beats are in a bar?
4
Club Dance:
What are 2 characteristics?
Strong beat & Short repetitive sections.
Club Dance:
Used alot of music technology such as?
House, techno, trance, garage & drum n bass – emerged and gained popularity in the nightclubs.
Club Dance:
Club dance musicians simply built on technology, combining electronic sounds with live instruments and vocals. Making use of?
Samples, synthesisers, sequences & drum machines.
Club Dance:
What was the first style of electronic music to become popular in the nightclubs + when?
House and Acid house in the late 70s and early 80s.
Salsa:
What is it a mixture of?
Cuban Son & New York Jazz.
Salsa:
Cuban Son:
What is the name of the main rhythm?
Son Clave rhythm.
Salsa:
Cuban Son:
What language are the lyrics sung in?
Spanish.
Salsa:
Cuban Son:
What are the patterns of the music called?
Ostinato patterns.
Salsa:
What instruments can play the rhythm section?
Piano, guitar, bass, congas (drums like bongos but taller), timbales (Drums made from metal and plastic hit with metal sticks), bongos, maracas, guiro, sometimes drum kit.
Salsa:
What are the 3 main sections of salsa music?
Verse – Sung by sonero or played by an instrumentalist.
Montuno – Kind of chorus, Sonero or lead instrumentalist improvises and choro or other instrumentalists answer.
Mambo – Introduces new musical material.
Salsa:
New York Jazz:
What is a feature of the rhythm?
Syncopation – Lively off beat rhythm.
Salsa:
New York Jazz:
3 characteristics?
Riffs – Short repeated phrases.
Improvisation.
Use of saxophones.
Disco:
When did it develop?
1970s.
Disco:
What improved quality of equipment was used?
Turntables, amplifiers & loudspeakers.
Disco:
How many beats per minute?
120, 4/4 time.
Disco:
What was the rhythm like?
Clear cut rhythms which maintained through out the song.
Disco:
What was the structure like?
Simple verse and chorus & a memorable melody and hook line.
Disco:
Where did it originate?
USA.
Disco:
What were the 3 root types of music?
Soul, funk & jazz.
Disco:
What does a song always start with?
An intro.
Disco:
What is a middle 8 section?
An 8 bar section in the middle of the piece, with new chords, lyrics and a whole new feel.
Disco:
What does it end with?
Coda/outro, that is different to the verse and chorus.
Disco:
What instruments does it use?
acoustic & electrical instruments.
Musical Characteristics:
Largo, Andante, Moderato, Allegro, Presto
Slow and dignified, Fairly slow at a walking pace, Moderate pace, Fast, Very fast.