Interval
“distance” in pitch between any two tones
Octave
Interval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone
Dynamics
degrees of loudness or softness in music
Crescendo
gradually louder
Timbre
Quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another
Rhythm
ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of aurations of notes and silence in music
Syncopation
accenting of a note at an unexpected time as between two beats or on a weak beat
Tempo
basic pace of the music
Melody
series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole
Theme
melody that serves as the starting point for an extended piece of music
Harmony
how chords are constructed and how they follow each other
Chord
combination of 3+ tones sounded at once

Key

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(tonality)

central note, scale & chord within a piece in relationship to which all other tones in the composition are heard
Cadence

1.) resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody

2.) progression giving a sense of conclusion, often from the dominant chord to the tonic chord

Dissonance
tone combination that is unstable and tense
Modulation
shift from one key to another within the same piece
Monophonic texture
single melodic line without accompaniment
Polyphonic texture
performance of 2+ melodic lines of relatively equal interest at the same time
Counterpoint
technique of combining 2+ melodic lines into a meaningful whole
Homophonic texture
term describing music in which one main melody is accompanied by chords