Music Lit.

form

• the shape of a musical composition as defined by all of its pitches, rhythms, dynamics,and timbres
• single forms-“tonally self-contained and formally complete” and can’t be taken apart from the other parts and still be a complete work
• compound forms-2 or more single forms

• pattern of sound made by the elements of a work
• aspects of texture:  spacing, tone color, loudness, rhythm

chordal style

a melody stated by 2 or more parts one after the other in turn

3 types:  canon, fugue, free imitation

• added notes or some change in the music that makes it “more beautiful or effective or to demonstrate the abilities of the interpreter.”
• graces, diminuations, paraphrase, variation, elaboration of pauses, cadenzas

• solo song with instrumental accompaniment
• popular in the 1st half of the 17th century

• a short, simple vocal composition with melody and verse text
• verse is usually poetic (regular lines, rhyme scheme)
• the music of a song may be related to the text (form, structure, sound, and meaning)

• a song intended for concert use (NOT folk or pop songs)
• specified accompaniment (rather than improvised)

• music in oral tradition, usually a simple style, often performed by non-professionals
• characteristic of a nation, society, or ethnic group

lied

• a German poem (lyric and strophic)
• a song with this type of poem for its text (usually a solo song for voice and piano accompaniment)

• a poem with made up units, all with the same numbers of lines, rhyme scheme and meter
• in a song, characterized by repitition of the same music for all strophes

• the musical illustration of the meaning of words in vocal music, esp. the literal meaning of individual words/phrases

• born January 31, 1797
• died November 19, 1828

• Frence melody
• a solo song with accompaniment-usually the French art song of the 19th and 20th centuries
• the French counterpart of the German lied

• born May 12, 1845
• died November 11, 1924

• a group of songs, usually for solo voice and piano constituting a literary and musical unit
• primarily associated with the 19th century German lied
• poems for lyrics are usually by a single author and are part of a poetic cycle

• a song cycle by Schumann consisting of settings of 16 poems

• a cycle of 20 songs by Schubert
• setting poems by Wilhelm Muller

Winterreise

• a cycle of 24 songs by Schubert, in 2 parts
• setting poems by Wilhelm Muller

• “To the distant Beloved”
• a cycle of 6 songs by Beethoven
• on poems by Alois Jeitteles

Frouenliebe und-Lieben

• “Woman’s love and Life”
• a cycle of 8 songs for voice and piano by Schumann
• setting poems written by Adalbert von Chamisson and published with the same title

• a self-contained composition for solo voice, usually with instumental accompaniment and occurring within the context of a larger form such as opera, oratorio or cantata

• born January, 27, 1756
• died December 5, 1791
• showed musical talent at age 4

• 4 songs for low voice and orchestra/piano by Mahler
• setting his own poems

• “the Youth’s Magic Horn”
• a group of German folk-song texts collected and published in 3 volumes by Ludwig Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano

• “Songs on the Death of Children”
• a cycle of 5 songs with orchestra/piano accompaniment by Mahler
• poems by Friedrich Ruckert (an eley on the death of his 2 children)

• “The song of the Earth”
• a cycle of 6 songs by Mahler for alto/baritone, tenor and orchestra
• 1st performed after Mahler’s death

• born July 7, 1860
• died May 18, 1911
• composer and conductor
• studied in Vienna with J. Epstein and R. Fuchs

• chapel
• pertaining to choral music without instrumental accompaniment

• the repitition of a rhythmic pattern throughout a voice part
• 14th and 15th century motets
• 2 rhythmic patterns

• a major musical genre from the 13th to 18th centuries
• 1200-1450-a tenor derived from chant that serves as the foundation for newly composed upper voices
• 1450-1600-a genre; a polyphonic setting of a sacred Latin text
• after1600-a style; serious, imitative style of church polyphony derived from Palestrina

Josquin des Prez

• 1440-1521
• composer
• 20 Masses
• 110 motets
• 75 secular works

• 1553-1599
• composer
• virtuoso madrigalists of the late Renaissance in Italy
• composed nearly 25 books of madrigals, 75 motets and related pieces

• 1567-1643
• pupil of Marc Antonio Ingeegneri
• took holy orders in 1632
• operas, spiritual madrigals and other sacred vocal works, secular vocal works (9 books of madrigals)

• a composite vocal genre of the Baroque era consisting of a succession of recitatives, ariosos, and set pieces
• secular of sacred
• range from intimate, small-scale works for solo singer/singers and restricted accompaniment forces to larger groups with chorus and orchestra accompaniment
• often composed for a special occasion

• a cantata based on the words or on both words and melody of a German Protestant chorale
• Bach’s works are full of several types

• a work for organ in which the first phrase of a choral is made the subject of a fugue
• composed principally by middle-German composers of the later 17th and early 18th centuries

• a manner of singing that emphasizes the beauty of sound, with an even tone throughout the range of the voice
• fine legato phrasing dependant on mastery of breath control
• agility in florid passages
• apparent ease in reaching high notes

• born January 24, 1705
• died July 15, 1782
• soprano castrato
• studied with porpora

recitative

• a style of text setting that imitates and emphasizes the natural inflections, rhythms, and syntax of speech
• avoids extremes of pitch and intensity and repitition of words, allowing the music to be primarilu a vehicle for the words
• most often used for dramatic music (like operas)

libretto

• the text of an opera or oratorio
• the small book containing the text, printed for sale to the audience
• at min.-gives cast list and the words that are to be performed

• a form of opera prevalent through the 18th centuries
• set to Italian librettos
• characters usually drawn from acient history
• generally in 3 acts

• a musico
• dramatic work with a German text, especially a work written in the 18th to early 19th century in which spoken dialogue alternates with songs and sometimes with ensembles, choruses or more extended musical pieces
• settings more frequently rural
• characters offten lower-middle class

passion music