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| An expression of organized sound in time. |
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| An object vibrates, creating small variances in air pressure. |
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| Vibrations per second or Hz |
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| Perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. (e.g. “A”=440 Hz) |
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| Volume or dynamics of a sound |
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| Small variations of pitch within a note. Relative strength of overtones determines note color or timbre. |
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| Short line used to extend a staff of music. |
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| Organization of pulse or beat. Synonymous with time signature. (3/4, 4/4, 5/8, etc) |
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| A meter with interchangeable time signatures. |
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| Melody, Rhythm, Harmony, Texture |
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| Organized series of notes. (tune, phrase, theme, motive) |
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Pianissimo – very soft, pp
Piano – soft, p
Mezzo piano – medium soft, mp
Mezzo Forte – medium loud, mf
Forte – loud, f
Fortissimo – very loud, ff |
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| Two or more notes played at the same time, used to accompany melody |
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| Sounds “at rest”; resolved |
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| Sounds unstable; unresolved |
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| The beat and/or speed of the notes. |
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| Somewhat slow; walking tempo |
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| On the fast side, but not too fast. |
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| The organization of all the different notes; includes the timbre of the sounds. |
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| A single, unaccompanied melody |
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| A single, main melody accompanied by other non-melodic sounds. |
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| Two or more melodies are played or sung simultaneously. |
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| Three or more notes played simultaneously. First used during Baroque period. |
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| First Principle of Functional Harmony |
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| Chords are not used equally. The 1 chord is used the most, then the 5, then 4,2,6, followed by 7, 3. |
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| Second Principle of Functional Harmony |
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| Chord movement is done by leaps of 4. 3-6-2-5-1 |
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| 4 families of orchestral instruments |
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| Strings, Woodwinds, Brass, Percussion |
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| violin, viola, cello, double bass |
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| oboe, saxophone, clarinet, bassoon, flute |
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| trumpet, trombone, french horn, tuba |
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| drums, keyboards (harpsichord, piano), struck strings (guitar, mandolin)
Only percussion used during Baroque period was timpani. |
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| Two popular books written by Bach. |
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| “The Well-Tempered Clavier” and “The Art of Fugue” |
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| During Baroque period, musicians were seen as ____ rather than _____. |
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| “Well tempered” tuning was invented during the ____ time period. |
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| During the Baroque time period, music was performed mainly where? |
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| churches and royal courts |
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| piece written for soloist and orchestra |
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| piece written for several soloists plus an orchestra |
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| A piece written with contrasting soloist and orchestral parts. |
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| A polyphonic texture in several voices that uses a melodic subject which is then imitated in the other voices. |
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| An improvised supporting harmonic played by a keyboard and a bass instrument. |
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| Instrumental music written as a series of dance-inspired movements. |
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| Characteristics of Baroque music |
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Rhythm patterns are repeated through a song.
Melody fragments also repeat.
Dynamics constant with abrupt changes. |
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| Phrases repeat with minor variations. |
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| Phrases repeat with minor variations. |
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| Jumps from one dynamic to another. No crescendos or decrescendos. |
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| German composer (1685-1759) |
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| A music setting of a religious libretto for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra. Performed as a drama without scenery or costumes outside of a church. |
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| A musical setting of a religious libretto for solo voices, chorus, and instruments. Performed as part of a church service. |
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| Text of an oratorio, cantata, or opera. |
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| A castrated male singer used to sing female roles. |
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