What is an Aulos?
Predecessor to the oboe with a face mask (Phorbein) with two pipes and two reeds
What is a Bucina?
A Large brass instrument that wrapped around the body
What is a Lyre?
An early harp-like instrument
What is a Kithara?
A large harp-like instrument related to the double-bass
What was special about Greek music?
It tied in with poetry, astronomy, and was monophonic
What early music educator thought only certain types of music were acceptable and complex rhythms were not?
Plato
Who is credited with writing the first music theory book with rhythm of music based on rhythm of words?
Aristoxenus
When did the Middle Ages occur?
400-1000 A.D.
What did people of the Middle Ages think caused your sickness?
Your everyday actions
What does secular mean?
Music outside of the church
What was the early church influenced by?
Jewish church rituals, songs, etc.
Where did the Catholic church develop?
Rome
What king merged the churches, unified a certain area, and was illiterate?
Charlemagne (768-884)
For whom was the Gregorian chant named?
Pope Gregory I (540-604)
How did Pope Gregory I develop the Gregorian chant?
God came to him in the form of a dove
What man born in Italy wrote the book “The Fundamentals of Music”?
Boethius (480-524)
What was the main religion during the Middle Ages?
Christianity
What was the official language during the middle ages?
Latin
What was the main genre of music during the Middle ages?
The Gregorian Chant
How was music transferred from one person to another?
Passed along by ear
What were the early forms of notation called?
Neumes
Who is credited with being the father of notation, wrote a textbook on notation (Micrologus), was the 1st important music educator, developed solfege, had a system of modes with no leading tone, developed a red line in chants, and developed a special hand, of sorts for singing pitches?
Guido Monoco (991-1033)
What is a Liturgy?
The order of a church service a.k.a. a program
What was the focal point of the Catholic Church?
The Mass
What was built bigger than everything else to promote gathering and could take over 100 years to build?
A church
What part of the Mass is missing from The Ordinary? Introit, Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei?
Gloria
What part of the Mass is missing from The Ordinary? Introit, Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, and Agnus Dei?
Sanctus
What part of the Mass is missing from The Ordinary? Introit, Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Credo?
Agnus Dei
What part of the Mass is missing from The Ordinary? Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei?
Introit
What part of the Mass is missing from The Ordinary? Introit, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei?
Kyrie
What part of the Mass is missing from The Ordinary? Introit, Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei?
Credo
What part of The Ordinary has songs performed during specific times of the year?
Proper
Which Office is missing? Matins, Lauds, Prime, Sext, Nones, Vespers, Compline?
Terce
Which Office is missing? Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers, Compline?
Matins
Which Office is missing? Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Nones, Vespers, Compline?
Sext
Which Office is missing? Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Vespers, Compline?
Nones
Which Office is missing? Matins, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers, Compline?
Lauds
Which Office is missing? Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers?
Compline
Which Office is missing? Matins, Lauds, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers, Compline?
Prime
Which Office is missing? Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Compline?
Vespers
How was early text copied down?
By hand, texts kept within a Missal while chants were collected in a Gradual
What is a collection of chants filled with transcribed pages?
Liber Usualis
Unison or in response, written in Latin, no big leaps of skips, and monophonic are all characteristics of what type of music?
Chants
What text setting describes a song where every syllable gets its own note?
Syllabic
What text setting describes a song where there is more than one note per syllable?
Melesmatic
What text setting describes a combination of one note syllables and many note syllables?
Neumatic
What is it called when a congregation follows a pattern set by a song leader?
Psalm Tones
What is it called when you extend a chant’s beginning and ending?
Antiphon
What was the New Year’s Celebration for the Church called?
Feast of Fools
What are melodies added to chants to make them more interesting called?
Tropes
What is a way to extend chants with melismas called?
Sequence
What was a small scale play performed by everyone in a village called?
Liturgical Drama
What play was an early forerunner of Opera and was created in Beauvais Cathedral?
The Play of David
What famous woman composer was born in Germany to a wealthy family, raised in a monastery, wrote music at 42, published different works on Sciences, Sexual books, wrote 77 chants, and also composed Ordo Virtutum?
Hildegard of Bingen
What was the Ordo Virtutum?
Written by Hildegard of Bingen, it was a “play on morals” with three main characters; happy, sad, and pentative souls
What meetings that lasted for several years helped modernize the Church, changed music and languages, and updated attire?
The Vatican II Council
What is “Music of the Universe” called?
Musica Mundana
What is “Music that unifies body and soul” called?
Musica Humana
What is “Music produced by instruments” called?
Musica Instramentalis
What were the independent military campaigns called?
The Crusades
What priest was an important writer and philosopher whose family did not want him to go into priesthood?
St. Thomas Aquinas
What group of secular musicians performed acts, sold “fix all” potions, juggled, and provided means of communication between towns?
Jongleurs
What were the SOUTHERN French poets who stayed in one place called?
Troubadours
What were the NORTHERN French poets who stayed in one place called?
Trouveres
What was a collection of songs called?
Chansonnier
What was a wealthy young man who wrote songs about pleasure called?
A Golliard
What kind of plays dealt with love, with a famous one named “The Play of Robin and Marion” or Jeu de Robin et de Marion-Rondeau composed by Adam de la Halle?
Musical Plays
What Trouvere wrote polyphonic and monophonic music, was called hunchback, and composed Jeu de Robin et de Marion-Rondeau?
Adam de la Halle
What were Spanish secular songs called?
Cantigas de la Santa Maria
What was the Medieval violin-like, 5-stringed bow instrument with a drone string called?
Vielle
What modified Vielle had a hand crank and one drone string and a funny name?
Hurdy Gurdy
What instrument was triangle shaped and strung with a pick?
Psaltery
What was the double reed, oboe ancestor WITHOUT the strap called?
Shawm
What was the instrument that was basically a long, 180 degree trumpet?
Herald trumpet
What joint instrument was popular with Jongleurs and included a wind and percussion instrument?
Pipe and Tabor
What was the name of the portable organ?
Portative Organ
What was the name of the large organ that had a cabinet covering the pipes?
Positive Organ
What were the earliest forms of polyphony (chants)?
Organum
What type of organum is a counter melody to another one
Discant Organum
What type of organum was “fancy” and had more notes on the top than on the bottom?
Florid Organum
What cathedral in Paris was the center of organum , had the beginnings of rhythm with long notes being called Longs and short notes being called Breves, and took 100+ years to build?
Cathedral of Notre Dame
What was the collection of the best organum written by Anonymous IV called?
Magnus Liber Organi
Who was the composer of organum who came from a monastery credited with writing Viderunt omnes: organum duplum?
Leoninus (and colleagues)
Who was considered the greatest organum writer, had a Masters degree from the University of Paris, added parts to existing organum, created organum for 2,3,&4 voices, and is credited with composing Viderunt omnes: organum quadruplum?
Perotinus
What is the addition to organum to make it more beautiful called?
Clausulae
What type of 13th century music was inspired by chants or newly composed?
Motets
What were Rounds developed in England called?
Rotas
What illness passed by rats between 1347-1351 caused mass death and turn the skin black with boils?
The Bubonic Plague or Black Death
What war between England and France cause the church to become divided, gave rise to many popes, and was during the period of the invention of glasses and compasses?
The 100 Years War
What famous writer fought for France in the Crusades, wrote “The Divine Comedy”, and came from an affluent family?
Dante Alighieri
What English writer, poet, and alchemist, born into a family of wine makers, credited with writing “Canterbury Tales”, and is buried in Westminster Abbey?
Geoffery Chaucer
What New Art combination of secular and sacred music did the rise of secular music bring about?
Ars Nova
What is rhythm that continues in the bass line called?
Isorhythm
What is an echo-like alternation of voices in equal dynamics called?
Hocket
Who was the lead composer in the Ars Nova who survived the Black Death, was one of the first composers to explain composition, and is credited with composing Foy Porter-virelai and Messe de Notre Dame?
Guillaume de Machaut
What type of music imitated the new emerging forms of art?
Trecento Music
Who wrote the Decameron, a story over a 10-day period describing friends avoiding the Plague?
Boccacio
Who was the blind man who contracted small pox and incorporated a cadence with a leap of a third at the end?
Francisco Landini
What is it called when you avoid the tritone by adjusting the music or “false music”?
Musica Ficta
What is two-voice organum called?
Organum Duplum
What is three-voice organum called?
Organum Triplum
What is four-voice organum called?
Organum Quadruplum