| In what decade did the Rococo musical style primarily reside? |
|
|
| When does the Classic era start and end? |
|
|
|
|
| A German philosopher from the Age of Enlightenment |
|
| Which philosopher of the enlightenment said something along these lines? (1690)
o “A contract exists between the government and the governed”
o “If government violates this contract, the governed can rebel” |
|
|
| Who was the leader of French thinkers during the Enlightenment? |
|
|
|
|
| Fraternal organization that promoted the idea that “all men are brothers” |
|
| Name three distinct members of the Freemasons. |
|
o Emperor Joseph II of Austria
o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
o George Washington |
|
| Who established the University of Virginia? |
|
|
| Which two wars sent France into bankruptcy? |
|
| The Seven Years’ War and the French and Indian War |
|
| Who were Europe’s enlightened rulers, and which countries did they rule? |
|
– Frederick the Great – Prussia
– Catharine the Great – Russia
– Joseph II – Austria |
|
| How did Emperor Joseph II reduce the power of the clergy? |
|
o Made clergy lose civil legal power
o Marriage became a civil legal arrangement
o Required clergy to attend seminaries and swear allegiance to the Emperor |
|
| Where was the musical center of Europe in the 1780s and 90s? |
|
|
| By 1800, what were the primary musical forum in all major European cities? |
|
|
| What family did Haydn work for most of his life? |
|
|
| What were some general characteristics of the Classic era? |
|
– Balance and proportion
– Clarity and accessibility
– “Easy on the ear”
– Beautiful, moving and profound
– Appeal to experienced listeners and amateurs alike
– Melody and accompaniment
– Light and simple |
|
| What were some SPECIFIC characteristics of the music of the Classic era? |
|
– Rhythm – highly flexible
– Dynamics – Wide variety, composers specify p, mp, mf, f
– Idea of crescendo and decrescendo come into general use
– Fortepiano and Pianoforte supplant the Harpsichord as the keyboard of choice, due to said instruments having a wider range
– Melody – takes on great importance
o Melodies have a pleasing quality to them
o Audiences can now “hum the tunes”
– Phrases – balanced, usually 2 or 4 bars long
– Harmony – generally simple, logical and clear
o Straightforward harmonic accompaniment
o Little counterpoint
o Simple Bass line provides the foundation for the chord
o Baroque basso continuo is gone |
|
| Describe the basic instrumentation of the Classical orchestra. |
|
– Strings (violin 1 and 2, viola, cello, double bass)
– Woodwinds (flute, oboe, bassoon) and French Horns in pairs |
|
|
|
| how quickly chords change |
|
| Name one of Mozart’s opera serias. |
|
|
| While instrumental music was theorized to appeal to the heart, vocal music was said to appeal to the: |
|
|
| In what ways did Gluck work for change in opera? |
|
– No da capo arias
– Little/no vocal improvisation
– No long melismas
– Syllabic text settings
– Blurring recitative and aria
o Accompanied recitative
– Simpler melodies
– Overture linked by theme/mood to the ensuing action
– More prominence of the chorus |
|
| What was the name of Mozart’s librettist? |
|
|
| How many movements did the standard Classical concerto have? |
|
|
| Describe the movements of the standard classical concerto. |
|
1st Fast Sonata Tonic
2nd Slow Theme and Variations or Aria Dominant, Subdominant, relative minor
3rd Very fast Minuet and Trio |
|
| What was Mozart’s first official job? |
|
| Junior composer under the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg |
|
| What was the name of Mozart’s wife? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| in which a powerful ruler exercises restraint and works constantly for the good of the whole |
|
| What three revolutions were occurring around the time of the Classical era? |
|
| American, French, and Industrial |
|
|
|
| a search for themes, often opening with rhapsodic, quasi-improvisatory flourishes on the triad |
|
|
|
| rollicking and boisterous; always in triple meter and almost always consists of two juxtaposed binary forms |
|
| In what forms are finales most common? |
|
|
|
|
a type of movement associated largely with finales and found in many different instrumental genres; derived from a Baroque dance form (ABACADA)
– opening theme is typically brief and catchy
– closed, self-contained unit consisting of an antecedent and consequent phrase with a cadence in the tonic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| contrasting ideas in rondo form |
|
|
|
| A(I) B(V) A(I) C(X) A(I) B(I) A(I) |
|
|
|
|
| What kind of sonata form did Haydn employ? |
|
| Sonata form with varied reprise – exposition is not repeated note for note, but is instead changed in subtle ways |
|
|
|
|
| Describe the movements of the standard Classical symphony. |
|
– 1st movement: weightiest of the four and sets tone; sonata form w/ slow intro sometimes
– 2nd movement: slow; sonata form, sonata form w/o development, theme and variations, aria; usually in a key other than the tonic, most commonly the subdominant
– 3rd movement: Minuet; “dance inspired”
– 4th movement: finale, relatively light; sonata, rondo, sonata-rondo |
|
| Describe the double-exposition concerto form. |
|
– Tutti exposition (tonic)
– Solo exposition (tonic?secondary)
– Development (unstable)
– Recapitulation (tonic)
– Cadenza & coda (tonic) |
|
| Mozart’s music in general is renowned for its abundance of thematic ideas, while Haydn tends to develop a smaller number of ideas more thoroughly. |
|
|
|
|
| a work intended for performance between the acts of a larger (serious) opera |
|
| What form does the first movement of a symphony employ the most? |
|
|
|
|
| a big formal pause for the soloist to improvise and display their virtuosity becomes formalized. It occurs shortly before the end of the first movement. |
|
| Chamber music was written with ________ musicians in mind. |
|
|
|
|
Nature: Art:
Genius Technique
Inspiration Craft
Unconscious Conscious
Effortlessness Hard work
Divine Human
Not teachable Teachable |
|
| What kind of musical form was the sonata? |
|
|