Four changes in 11th century that would give Western music many of its basic characteristics:
1. Written composition slowly replaced improvisation as a way of creating musical works
2. The invention of precise musical notation made it possible to write music in a definitive form. Result: composition and performance became separate acts.
3. Music began to be more structured and made subject to principles of order: theory of eight modes, rules for consonance and rhythm.

Dissonance – notes creating tension that required resolution
Consonance – notes that create repose or resolve tension
• Perfect and Imperfect consonances
Perfect: unison, 4th, 5th, and 8va
Imperfect: 3rd and 6th

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4. Polyphony (many voices) began to replace monophony.

Heterophony:
a type of polyphony produced by simultaneous performance of a melody and one or more variants of the same melody.
Magadizing:
singing in 8vas of same melody.
Musica enchiriadis, (Handbook of Music) and contemporary treatise Scholia enchiriadis.
End of 9th century, first clear description of polyphony in treatise
Organum:
(Plural – organa) organized or planned music
Vox principalis:
plainsong melody
Vox organalis:
voice that duplicated plainsong melody at interval of 4th or 5th.
Occursus:
(meeting) convergence on the unison at the end.
Winchester Troper
two 11th century manuscripts containing oldest large collection of pieces in organum; also consists of chants of Winchester Cathdral
Types of organa:
parallel organum, free organum (contrary, oblique), florid organum, notre dame organum