Medium
Usually air which transmitts vibration to our ears.
Sound
Vibrations which are transmitted, usually through air, to the eardrum, which sends impulses to the brain.
Impulses
Or signals that are transmitted to the brain
Pitch
Relative highness or lowness of a sound
Tone
Sound that has a definite pitch, or frequency
Frequency
rate of vibration that produces a particular pitch
Intreval
“Distance” in pitch between any two tones
Octave
Intreval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone
Syllables of scale
the notes played to make a scale. Ex. Do-Re-Me…
Pitch Range
Distance between the lowest/Highest tones that a voice/instrument can produce
dynamics
Degree of loudness or softness
Tone Color (Timbre)
Quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another
Describe tone color
Bright, Dark, Brillant, Mellow, Rich
Dynamic markings
Indicate how loud or soft the music should be played
Pianissimo
very soft
piano
soft
mezzo piano
(mp)Moderately Soft
Mezzo Forte
(MF) Moderately Loud
Forte
Loud
Fortissmo
Very Loud
Tonic
THe central tone of the melody
Scale
Made up of the basic pitches of a piece of music arranged on order from low to high or from high to low
Tonality
Term for key; refers to presence of a central note, scale;and chord
Major Scale
Do-Re-Me-Fa-Sol-La-Ti-Do
Minor scale
Consists of 7 different tones and an 8th tone that duplicates the first an octave higher; but it differs from the major scale in its pattern of intreval
Diatonic Scale
An 8 note scale inwhich the 8th doubles the 1st, made up of half and whole steps
Key Signature
Composer uses KS, consisting of sharp or flat signs immediately following the clef sign at the beginning of the staff
Chromatic Scale
The 12 tones of an octave. All white and black keys in one octave on the piano
Modulation
Shifting from one key to another with in the same piece
monophony
Having one sound
Polyphony
Simultaneous performed of 2 or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest produces the texture, polyphonic; having many sounds
Homophony
Combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole is called, Counterpoint – one main melody accompanied by chords
Wagner
Loherngrin, PRelude to Act 3
Duke Ellington
C Jam Blues
Britten
The Young Person’s Guide To the Ochestra
Alleluia
:Vidimus Stellam-Starts with one man singing to multiple (Church) Fades out
1
Perotin
“Alleluia;Nativitas” Men Chanting goes up and down ahhhHHHHhhhh
1
Landini
Ecco La primavera Blind, Italian composer;starts with drums and Sacbut-Singing-Romance
Hildegard of Bingen
“O-Successores” women chanting
1
Estampie
Medieval Dance/starts with soft flute, wind instruments 1 2 beat
2
De Machaut
“Agnus Dei” From the Notre Dame Mass ppl Singing
1
Desprez
“Ave Maria” Pleasane men singing low- Women singing above the men
1
Palestrina
“Kyrie” From Pope Marecellus Mass- Chant,6 voices, No strong accents, Starts with crescendo and ppl singing
3 sections
Renaissance
Weelkes
“As Vesta Was Descending” How the queen is better than GODDESSES men and women singing
3
Morley
“Now is the Month of Maying” Man singing month of may haha
Caroubel
“passamezzo” 1 2 1 2 A lot of instruments Drumbeat to horns Crescendo
2
Caroubel
“Gilliard” Triple Meter Blah ending; 5 instruments-most important to distinguish from his other work
2
Years of the Middle Ages or the Medieval period
500-1450
The Renaissance period
1450-1600
Gregorian Chant
THe music of the medieval church. It is characterized by monophonic lines, church mode modality, irregular rhythm with no strong accents, and Latin text. Sung by males
Hildegard of Bingen
1098-1179 She was an abbess in a convent in Germany. She was a poet and a composer. Studied medicine. She was also a mystic, who had visions of which we have paintings
Pope Gregory
Pope from 590-604 HE reorganized the liturgy assigning a particular chant to each part of the service
Romanesque
A style of architecture during the Middle ages characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, and few windows
Gothic
Style of architecture during the late Middle ages and is characterized by pointed arches, many windows, and tall spires
Drone
It consists of one or more long, sustained tones accompanying a melody
Canonical hours or Divine Offices
They were services held every 3 hours in the monasteries and convents
Troubadours
French Noblemen who composed secular songs in French during the 12th adn 13th centuries
Estampie
Medieval dance. A manuscript for one survives and is in triple meter with a strong, fast beat.
Organum
Earliest kind of polyphony and consists of two lines. Early examples show the line added to the Gregorian chant moving in parallel motion to it.
Leonon and Periton
Composers from the school of Notre Dame, a school that excelled in early pholyphony
Da machaut
Born in Champagne about 1300. Priest but he spent his life as a court official for various royal familes. one of the most important composers of his day(excelling in both sacred and secular music)
Ordinary
It is part of the Mass which remains the same whatever the service. 5 parts
Cantus Firmus/Firm melody
Term for the Gregorian chant when it is used as the basis for a polyphonic work.
Humanism
Term that refers to the Renaissance movement which focused on human life and its accomplishments. Its supporters were christians
Martin Luther
A german who lived from 1483-1546 he criticized the Church of his day adn was responsible for the Reformation
Word Painting
It refers to places in the score where the music does what the words say. Ex. if it talks of running, the music goes quickly
Lute
IT was the favorite string instrument for solos and for accompanying songs in the renaissance
A cappella
It refers to voices with out accompaniment
Josquin des Prez
He was an early Renaissance composer (1440-1521) who is credited with solidifying the style which is characteristic of renaissance vocal music.
Palestrina
LIving from 1525-1594, He was an italian composer associated with the Counter-reformation
Madrigal
It is the secular vocal music from renaissance Italy. It is a piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love
jannequinn
He was a French renaissance composer who wrote chanson with imitation of real life sounds
Morley
He was a renaissance madrigal composer known for ayres and ballett-style madrigals
Ballett
It was a style of English Madrigal that has verses and Fa-la-la refrain
Weelkes
HE was an English Madrigal composer, who contributed to “the triumphs of Oriana
The Triumphs of Oriana
It is an anthology of English madrigals written to honor Queen Elizabeth 1
Passamezzo and Gilliard
They were dances in the Renaissance and were often written to be performed as a pair bc of their contrasting nature. the first is stately and in duple meter and the second is lively and in triple meter
Recorder
IT is a whistle flute popular in the Renaissance
viols and vielles
They are bowed strings popular in the Renaissance
Caroubel
HE was a french Violinist and composer who lived from 1576-1611
Dowland
He was a renaissance composer, possibly from ireland who wrote ayres and solos for the lute
Reformation
Begun by Martin Luther it was a movement that fostered the rise of protestant churches
Ayre
It is and English secular song from the Renaissance for solo voice and lute.
Goliard Songs
They are medieval secular songs in Latin. They were written by traveling students and cleric and tell fo wine, women, and satire
Minnelied
It is a German secular song from the MIddle ages
Sackbut
IT is a middle ages brass instrument, the forerunner of the trombone
Melismatic
It means many notes to a single syllable
Syllabic
It means one note per syllable
Cantigas
They are the 414 spanish secular songs of the Middle ages attributed to alfonso 1
Landini
He was a Middle Ages Italian Secular Music Composer
Renaissance
Literally, it mean “rebirth”. IT refers to the 15th and 16th centuries and is characterized by a renewed interest in all things classical
Counter-reformation
Was the effort by the catholic church to remove abuses in reaction to the loss of members to protestant sects