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| (Italian for with the wood) an instruction to string players to strike the strings of the instrument not with the horsehair of the bow, but with the wood of it |
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| a brass instrument that looks like a short trumpet; it has a more mellow tone than the trumpet and is most often used in military bands |
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| a Gregorian chant composed in the thirteenth century and used as the central portion of the Requiem Mass of the Catholic Church |
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| a reduction, usually by half, of all the rhythmic durations in a melody |
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| counterpoint with two themes that can reverse position, the top theme moving to the bottom and the bottom to the top (also called invertible counterpoint) |
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| an alto oboe, pitched at the interval a fifth below the oboe, much favored by composers of the Romantic era |
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| a short one-movement composition designed to improve one aspect of a performer’s technique |
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| the pen name of Aurore Dudevant, the author who was Chopin’s lover and protector |
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| the symphony orchestra that originated in the Clothiers’ House in Leipzig, Germany, in the eighteenth century |
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| the English actress who, as the object of Berlioz’s obsession, served as the inspiration for the Symphonie fantastique |
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| literally a fixed idea, but more specifically an obsessive musical theme as first used in Hector Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique |
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| (German for song) the genre of art song, for voice and piano accompaniment, that originated in Germany ca. 1800 |
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| the term describing the sensationalism that characterized the audience response to Liszt’s concerts |
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| a fast dance of Polish origins in triple meter with an accent on the second beat |
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| strophic form in which the music is modified briefly to accommodate a particularly expressive word or phrase in the text |
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| a slow, introspective type of music, usually for piano, with rich harmonies and poignant dissonances intending to convey the mysteries of the night |
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| a low brass instrument originating in military bands about the time of the French Revolution; the precursor of the tuba |
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| a concert of chamber music, usually for a solo performer |
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| a slow, lyrical piece, or movement within a larger work, for instruments, or instrument and voice, much favored by composers of the Romantic period |
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| a social gathering for music and poetry that featured the songs and piano music of Franz Schubert |
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| a collection of several songs united by a common textual theme or literary idea |
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| a musical form often used in setting a strophic, or stanzaic, text, such as a hymn or carol; the music is repeated anew for each successive strophe |
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| a term used to describe music that exhibits no obvious repetitions or overt musical form from beginning to end |
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