Music 162 Final Review Questions

Singer-songwriter who wrote many hits in the 1960s with Gerry Goffin. 

In 1971, the success of her album Tapestry made her a major recording star

British hard rock band that formed in London in 1968.

Sledgehammer style of guitarfocused rock music drew on various influences, including urban blues, San Francisco psychedelia, and the virtuoso guitar playing of Jimi Hendrix

“Stairway to Heaven”

Art rock band that formed in London in 1970.

Their live album, Pictures at an Exhibition (1971) borrowed its structural elements from a suite of piano pieces by the Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky 

(1839–81)

He had a string of crossover hits on the country and pop charts

Member of “The Wrecking Crew”

“Gentle on My Mind” (1967)

“By the Time I Get to Phoenix” (1967) 

“Wichita Lineman” (1968)

“The Silver Fox”

He was a talented jazz and blues pianist

He switched to poporiented country music by the 1960s and scored a series of #1 crossover hits during the mid-1970s.

Vocalist who recorded country pop hits

His pop-oriented hit records were despised by many in the traditional audience for country music

“Thank God I’m a;Country Boy” (1975)

Born in England, grew up in Australia.

She scored a series of Top 10 country crossover hits during the mid-1970s

Country Pop

She was born in the hill country of Tennessee and began her recording career at age 11.

Built her career with regular appearances on country music radio and television

Known as “Queen of Country”

“Glam rock” pioneer who established the character of Ziggy Stardust

Emphazised showy appearance and costuming

Singer-songwriter.

Her album “Blue” (1971) consisted of a cycle of songs about the complexities of love.

Carlos Santana (b. 1947)

**Listening**

Born in Mexico, he began his musical career playing guitar in Tijuana.

He formed his band in San Francisco in the late 1960s.

Their 1971 album Abraxas established a Latin American substream within rock.

Donna Summer

**Listening**

One of the biggest stars to emerge from disco in the 1970s.

Her style derived from roots in R&B and gospel

She sang on several disco classics, including “Bad Girls;

Aimed at young white males aged;thirteen to twenty-five.

;

This format featured hard rock bands,;such as Led Zeppelin and Deep;Purple, and art rock bands, such as;

King Crimson; Emerson, Lake, and;

Palmer; and Pink Floyd.

;

It generally excluded black artists

Form of rock music that blended elements of rock and;European classical music.

;

It;included bands such as King;Crimson; Emerson, Lake, and;Palmer; and Pink Floyd

Opposed the;slick sound of Nashville;country music

;

Popularized by;musicians like Merle Haggard and;Buck Owens, this was one of the;most influential country genres of;the late 1960s.

;

It revived the spirit;of postwar honky-tonk

Characterized by;elaborate studio production, the synthasizer and an;insistent beat

;

Focused on social dancing ; DJs who played recordings rather than live bands

;

Donna Summer,;Chic, the Village People, the Bee;Gees

Emphasized elaborate, showy;personal appearance and;costuming

;

David Bowie

“Back to basics” spirit of country;music that included the straightforward, emotionally direct;approach of postwar;honky-tonk

;

It;is perhaps best captured in the recordings of Merle Haggard ; Bakersfield Sound

One of the most commercially;successful forms of soul music;during the 1970s.

;

“If You Don’t Know Me By Now”;

;

Produced by;Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

;Performed by groups such as the;O’Jays and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes

Upbeat variety of rock music 

Elton John, Paul McCartney, Rod Stewart, Chicago, and Peter Frampton

Slick variety of rhythm & blues, often with lush orchestral accompaniment

The O’Jays, the;Spinners, Al Green, Barry White

Born in Texas, he was one of;the most influential figures in the;progressive country movement.;

;

Briged gap between rock and country

;

His rise to national fame came;in the mid-1970s, through his;association with “the Outlaws.”

Waylon;Jennings;

(1937;2002)

The centerpiece of “the Outlaws”;and a member of Buddy Holly’s rock ‘n’ roll group, the Crickets.

He cultivated an image as a rebel, and in 1972 recorded an album called Ladies Love Outlaws.

Townes Van Zandt

(1944–97)

Born in Fort Worth, Texas, he was a singer-songwriter who became a cult hero of the progressive country movement.

Songs inspired country and rock musicians. They combined traditional country with poetic subtlety

He died prematurely at age 52

Bob Marley 

(1945–81)

The leader of the Wailers and a national hero in his native Jamaica, he was reggae’s most effective;international ambassador.

;

His songs, rooted in the Rastafarian;belief system, found a worldwide;audience that reached from America;to Japan and from Europe to Africa.

;

Died of cancer at age 36

;

“I Shot the Sheriff” #1 hit 1974

;

;

A New York group promoted by the;pop art superstar Andy Warhol.

;

Their music was rough-edged and;chaotic, extremely loud, and;deliberately anticommercial.

;

The;lyrics of their songs focused on;topics such as sexual deviancy, drug;addiction, violence, and social;alienation.

;

Associated with punk rock

Formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in;1967, they were the;working-class, motorcycle-riding,;leather-jacketed ancestors of punk;rock.

;

The lead singer was famous;for his outrageous stage;performances, which included;flinging himself into the crowd,;cutting himself with beer bottles,;and rubbing himself with raw meat.

;

Associated with punk rock

Formed in New York City in 1971,;they dressed in fishnet stockings,;bright red lipstick, cellophane tutus,;ostrich feathers, and army boots.

;

American;response to the English glam rock;movement.

;

Associated with punk rock

The first punk rock band.

;

Formed in;1974 in New York City, their high-speed, energetic,;and extremely loud sound;influenced English punk groups such;as the Sex Pistols and the Clash and;also became a blueprint for 1980s;L.A. hardcore bands.

;

Although they;projected a street-tough image, all;of the band’s members were from middle-class families in the New York City borough of Queens.

The most outrageous—and therefore famous—punk band, formed in 1975 in London

They were the creation of Malcolm McAllen, owner of a London boutique called Sex, which specialized in leather and rubber clothing

Leader of the new wave band the Talking Heads.

He is known for his trembling, high-pitched nervous voice and his eclectic songwriting.

Sang “Psycho Killer”

His style of music reflected a blend of jazz, soul music, San Francisco psychedelia, and the socially engaged lyrics of folk rock

Bridged gap between rock and soul

Born in Dallas, moved to San Francisco with his family in the 1950s

The leader of two groups, Parliament and Funkadelic.

His style of funk music included a mixture of compelling polyrhythms, psychedelic guitar solos, jazz influenced horn arrangements, and R&B vocal harmonies.

Born in Jamaica, immigrated to New York City at age twelve. The Godfather of Hip-hop

Created “backbeat” music and discovered you could “backspin” a record

His raps based on the verbal traditions of “tosting,” a form of poetic storytelling

Grandmaster Flash (Joseph Saddler; b.1958 in Barbados)

**Listening**

DJ and leader of the furious five

He developed many of the turntable techniques that characterized early hip-hop music

Afrika Bambaataa 

(Kevin Donovan; b. 1960)

Harlem-based crew who recorded the first rap hit, “Rapper’s Delight.” 

The record reached #4 on the R&B charts and #36 on the pop charts and introduced hip-hop to millions of people throughout the United States and abroad.

The unexpected success of “Rapper’s Delight” ushered in a series of million-selling twelve-inch singles by New York rappers.

Characterized by strong dance rhythms, catchy melodies, call and response of voice and instrumentals, rhythmically interlocking patters, used on synchopation

 It brought the focus on dancing back into the pop mainstream.

Hip-hop culture, forged by African American and Caribbean American youth in New York City,

Included distinctive styles of visual art (graffiti), dance (an acrobatic solo style called breakdancing and an energetic couple dance called the freak), music, dress, and speech.

Hip-hop was at first a local phenomenon, centered in certain neighborhoods in the Bronx, the most economically devastated area of New York City

Grandmaster Flash, Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa

A term used by the record industry to capitalize on the overlap between audiences for rock and country music

It included Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings

Songs were more intellectual and liberal in outlook

Artists concerned with testing the limits of the country music tradition than with scoring hits.

Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, Tom T. Hall, and Townes Van Zandt.

Rock style that emerged in the late 1970s.

It was a “back to basics” rebellion against the stripped-down and often purposefully “nonmusical” version of rock music

Leaned towards rock n’ roll and away from album oriented rock

;

The Velvet Underground, The Stooges, The New York Dolls

Emerged during the 1970s as one;part of the cultural complex of hiphop.

;

Based on traditions from African musical and verbal traditions

;

It consisted of rhymed speech;accompanied by funk-derived;rhythmic grooves

Came from the Jamacian equivalent of country, a genre called ska which was a combination of Caribbean mento and American jazz, rhythm and blues.

;

The heart of;this music consists of “riddims,”;interlocking rhythmic patterns;played by the guitar, bass, and;drums.

;

Political messages;were central to this music.

A digital recording process wherein;a sound source is recorded with a;microphone, converted to a digital;stream of binary numbers, and;stored in a computer.

;

The sampled;sounds may be retrieved in a;number of ways

The sound produced when a record;disc is spun backward and forward;on a turntable.

;

The distinctive sound;of scratching became an important;part of the sonic palette of hip-hop music

Kenny Rogers (b. 1938)

Looks like George Lucas

Veteran of folk pop groups

One of the main beneficiaries of country pop’s;increasing mainstream appeal

;

CMA’s Male Vocalist of the year 1979

Performed Lionel Richie’s, “Lady” (1980)

Lionel Richie;

(b. 1949)

Former member of a vocal R;B;group called the Commodores.;

;

African American singer and;songwriter whose career overarches;conventional genre boundaries.;

;

Although his big hits of the 1980s;were soul-tinged variants of adult;contemporary music, he also placed two singles in the country;Top 40 during the 1980s

;Annie Lennox, singer (b. 1954 in Scotland);

Dave;Stewart, keyboardist (b. 1952 in England)

;

“Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)” (1983)

Synth-pop

;

Its first chart appearance;in the United States came with the;release of their second album

Offered a contract by Capitol;Records (1983)

;

Sang “What’s Love Got to Do with It?” (1984). A crossover hit in pop and R;B

;

“Private Dancer” (1984) #3 on the album charts

;

Made her recording debut in 1960;as a member of the Ike and _______ Revue

Widely recognized as a primary;innovator in electric guitar;performance.

;

He was the guitarist;for the heavy metal group Van;Halen and contributed the stinging;guitar solo on “Beat It” from Michael;Jackson’s 1982 album Thriller

“Jump” (1984). Played on a synthasizer

Achieved celebrity as a member of the art rock group Genesis before embarking on a solo career. 

His best-selling single “Sledgehammer” became #1 pop and #61 R&B in 1986.

The award-winning video version of “Sledgehammer” was an eye-catching, witty, and technically innovative work that pushed the frontiers of the medium

Michael Jackson

(1958-2009)

Began his performing career as a member of the Jackson Five.

He achieved unprecedented success with his 1982 album Thriller, and his elaborately produced music videos helped boost the new medium of music videos.

He became the first African American artist to be programmed with any degree of frequency on MTV

His pop music and personal image evoked the rebellious rock ‘n’ rollers of the 1950s and the socially conscious folk rockers of the 1960s. 

His songs reflected his working class origins and sympathies

Characterized by strong roots of rock sound

“Born in the USA”

“My Hometown”

Paul Simon (b. 1941)

**IMPORTANT**

Got his start in the 1960s as a member of the famous folk rock duo Simon and Garfunkel.

His album Graceland (1986) was based on the idea of collaboration recorded worldwide.

It is the album responsible, more than any other, for introducing a wide audience to the idea of world music

Madonna

(b. Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, 1958)

She created controversial songs and music videos

Emphasized her unusual use of music and creation to display her media image

“Papa Don’t;Preach” (1986)

“Express Yourself” (1989)

“Like a Prayer” (1989)

Prince

(b. Prince Rogers Nelson, 1958)

One of the most talented musicians ever to achieve mass commercial success in the field of popular music.

He has sold almost 40 million recordings.

Between 1982 and 1992, he placed 9 albums in the Top 10, reaching the top of the charts 

Purple Rain (1984)

Around the World in a Day (1985)

Batman (1989)

The norm since the introduction of recording in the 19th century. 

Transforms the energy of sound waves into physical imprints (as in pre-1925 acoustic recordings) or into electronic waveforms that closely follow (and can be used to reproduce) the shape of the sound waves themselves

Samples the sound waves and breaks them down into a stream of numbers (0s and 1s). A device called an analog-to-digital converter does the conversion.

To play back the music, the stream of numbers is converted back to an analog wave by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

The analog wave produced by the DAC is amplified and fed to speakers to produce the sound.

Ubiquitous in 1980s dance music and rap recordings

These rely on “drum;pads,” which performers strike and activate, triggering the production of sampled sounds

Musical Instrument Digital Interface 

(MIDI)

Device that records musical data rather than musical sound and enables the creation of repeated sound sequences (loops), the manipulation of rhythmic grooves, 

and the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another

Device that enables musicians to create musical sounds.

Began to appear on rock records during the early 1970s

Run-D.M.C.

**Listening**

MCs Run (Joseph Simmons, b. 1964)

D.M.C. (Darryl McDaniels, b. 1964), 

DJ Jam Master Jay (Jason Mizell, b. 1965).

Perhaps the most influential act in the history of rap music, they established a hardedged, rock-tinged style that shaped the sound and sensibility of later rap music.

Their raps were literate and rhythmically skilled, with Run and D.M.C. weaving their phrases together and sometimes even completing the last few words of each other’s lines

The first commercially successful white act in hip-hop.

Signed by Def Jam in 1985

Their early recordings represent a fusion of the youth-oriented rebelliousness of hardcore punk rock with the sensibility and techniques of hiphop

Co-founded in 1984 by the hip-hop promoter Russell Simmons and the musician-producer Rick Rubin.

During the 1980s, they crosspromoted a new generation of artists, expanding and diversifying the national audience for hip-hop 

In 1986 became the first raporiented independent label to sign a distribution deal with one of the “Big;Five” record companies, Columbia Records

Founded in 1982, they were organized around a core set of members who met as college students,

Drawn together by their interest in hip-hop culture and political activism

Chuck D (a.k.a. Carlton Ridenhour, b. 1960) 

 Flavor Flav (William Drayton, b. 1959)

DJ-Terminator X (Norman Lee Rogers, b. 1966).

Dressed in paramilitary uniforms, carried Uzi submachine guns, and performed martial artsinspired choreography.

M.C. Hammer 

(Stanley Kirk Burrell, b. 1962)

Rapper from Oakland, California

“Please;Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em” (1990). Held the #1 position for 21 weeks and sold over ten million copies, becoming the bestselling rap album of all time

Vanilla Ice 

(Robert Van Winkle, b. 1968)

His first album, To the Extreme (1990), monopolized the #1 position for sixteen weeks in early 1991, selling 7 million copies.

When it was discovered that he was raised in reasonably comfortable circumstances in a middle-class neighborhood, had essentially invented a gangster persona for himself, many fans turned their backs on him

Ice-T

(Tracy Marrow)

In 1987, he recorded the theme song for Colors, Dennis Hopper’s violent film about gang-versuspolice warfare in South Central Los Angeles.

Both the film and his raps reflected ongoing changes in southern California’s urban communities, including a decline in industrial production, rising rates of unemployment, the continuing effects of crack cocaine, and a concomitant growth of drug-related gang violence

N.W.A.

(Niggaz with Attitude)

“Straight Outta Compton.”

Their recordings expressed the westcoast gangsta lifestyle, saturated with images of sex and violence.

O’Shea “Ice Cube” Jackson (b. 1969)

Andre “Dr. Dre” Young (b. 1965)

Eric “Eazy-E” Wright (1973–95)

D.J. Yella (Antoine Carraby)

M.C. Ren (Lorenzo Patterson)

Andre Young

(Dr. Dre)

The most influential and economically successful member of N.W.A.

Founded (Death Row/Interscope), cultivated a number of younger rappers, and continued to develop a distinctive hip-hop production style

Developed “G-Funk” in homage to the P-funk style in the 1970s by George Clinton

Snoop Doggy Dogg

(Calvin Broadus, b. 1972)

Gangsta rapper born in Long Beach, CA, he was a protégé of Andre “Dr.;Dre” Young and collaborated on Dr. Dre’s 1992 album The Chronic.

His soft drawl and laid-backbut-lethal gangster persona were featured on Doggystyle, which debuted at the top of the album charts in 1993.

“What’s My Name”

Sean “Puffy” Combs

(a.k.a. Puff Daddy, P. Diddy)

Tupac (2pac) Shakur

(1971– 76)

Tragic victim of conflicts between East and West Coast factions

He was an upand-coming star with Los Angeles based Death Row Records when he was shot and killed in Las Vegas in 1996

The Notorious B.I.G. 

(Christopher Wallace, a.k.a. Biggie Smalls, 1972–97)

Worked with producer and rapper Sean “Puffy” Combs (a.k.a. Puff Daddy, P. Diddy).

He was shot to death in Los Angeles in 1997

Queen Latifah 

(Dana Elaine Owens, b. 1970)

Jello Biafra 

(Eric Boucher, b. 1959 in Boulder, Colorado)

The lead singer of the Dead Kennedys. 

“Holiday in Cambodia,” 

“California über Alles”

“Kill the Poor”

“Chemical Warfare”

Kurt Cobain 

(1967–94)

Singer and guitarist who founded the alternative rock band Nirvana. 

His recordings broke through to the commercial mainstream and popularized grunge rock.

He shot himself in Seattle in 1994

Krist Novoselic 

(b. 1965 in Compton, California)

Formed in 1983, the band is often singled out as an originator of the “Seattle sound.”

Their 1988 album Rehab Doll, released on Sub Pop, helped popularize grunge rock

Ani DiFranco

(b. 1970 in Buffalo, New York)

A folk singer dressed in punk rock clothing

Spent her career resisting the lure of the corporate music business, releasing an album and playing upward of two hundred live dates every year

She was a minimalist (homespun low tech music) when it came to recording. 

Founded “Righteous Babe Records”

“Not a Pretty Girl” (1995)

Lauryn Hill (b. 1975)

“the bitch”

Hip-hop artist whose work is a selfconscious alternative to the violence and sexism in the work of rap stars 

Her commitment to female empowerment builds on the groundbreaking example of Queen Latifah, but she raps and sings in her own distinctive voice

“Do Wop (That Thing)” – #1 hit. Mixes soul swinging with rapping, digital groove, and playful humor

K.D. Lang

(b. 1961 in Alberta, Canada)

Occupied a marginal position in the conservative world of country music.

Began as a Patsy Cline imitator, going so far as to christen her band the Reclines.

Her image did not fit with Nashville establishment, who found her campy outfits as homosexual. 

“Nowhere to Stand” (1989)

The term is used to describe music that challenges the status quo; anticommercial, and antimainstream

Local as opposed to corporate, homemade as opposed to mass-produced, and genuine as opposed to artificial.

The music industry’s use of this term is;bound up with the need of the;music business to identify and;exploit new trends, styles, and;audiences

Vital part of the 1960 underground counterculture

;

Used;to describe bands like R.E.M., Sonic;Youth, the Dead Kennedys, and;Nirvana

Variant of hip-hop music

;

Discussed the dilemmas faced by urban communities

;

Its;emergence was heralded nationwide;by the release of the album Straight;Outta Compton by N.W.A. (Niggaz;with Attitude).

;

Snoop Doggy Dogg, 2Pac;Shakur, and the Notorious B.I.G.

Regional style of alternative rock;from Seattle that blended heavy;metal guitar textures with hardcore;punk.

;

Green River, Mudhoney, Pearl Jam,;Nirvana, and Soundgarden

Developed in clubs on the west coast

;

Extreme variation of punk,;pioneered during the early 1980s by;bands in San Francisco (the Dead;Kennedys) and Los Angeles (the;Germs, Black Flag, X, and the Circle;Jerks)

Named after the Warehouse, a;gay dance club in Chicago

;

A style of techno dance;music.

;

Recordings were purely instrumental, with elements;of European synth-pop, Latin soul,;reggae, rap, and jazz grafted over;an insistent dance beat.

;

;

One of the main venues for techno.;

;

Semipublic event modeled partly on;the be-ins of the 1960s;counterculture

Style of electronic dance music that;originated in the Detroit area during;the 1980s

;

Focused on DJs and producers

Style that blended the fast tempos;and rebellious attitude of hardcore;with the technical virtuosity of;heavy metal guitar playing

;

In short: Blended hardcore and heavy metal

Style of rap that originated in;California

;

Laid-back style of rapping.

;

The;dialects of southern California;rappers also contributed to the;distinctive flavor

;

Content of the MCs’ recitations themselves became angrier, darker, and more menacing

Music software program designed to run on personal computers.

This software enabled recording engineers and musicians to gain even more control over every parameter of musical sound, including not only pitch and tempo but also the quality of a singer’s;voice or an instrumentalist’s timbre

Publicly traded corporation that owns more than 1,200 radio stations, 39 television stations, 100,000 advertising billboards, and 100 live performance venues, 

Present +70% of all live events nationwide

Internet-based software program that enabled computer users to share and swap files, specifically music, through a centralized file server.

A federal court injunction forced it to shut down operations in February 2001

Introduced in 2001 by Apple Computer; an MP3 player that can store up to 1,000 CD-quality songs 

on its internal hard drive.

The iPod and other MP3 players enable listeners to build unique libraries of music reflecting their personal tastes (“playlists”)

Association of;America;

(RIAA)

Trade association whose member;companies;control the sale and distribution of;approximately 90% of the;offline music in the United States

;

Universal, Sony,Warner Brothers, Arista, Atlantic,;BMG, RCA, Capitol, Elektra,;Interscope, and Sire Records

“peer-to-peer”;

(p2p)

Went to prision at age 19

;

Incorporated hardcore country into his recordings

;

“(My Friends Are Going to be) Strangers” (1965) leading ro contract with Capitol Records

;

“If We Make it Through December” (1973)

Song focused on the guitar style and solos of Carlos Santana

;

Instruments consisted of Guitar, Electric Bass, Keyboards, Drums, Latin percussion

;

Emphasized the musical texture rather than the lyrics

;

;

Popular in mid 1970s in NYC dance clubs

;

Blended Latin ballroom dance, Afro-Cuban rumba drumming, and modern jazz

;

Eddie Palmieri, Willie Col;n, Rub;n Blades

Wrote dance oriented songs

;

Prime influence for funk music

Founded N.W.A

;

Godfather of gangsta rap and a former drug dealer

;

Vulger and provocative song titles

Band from the Pacific Northwest

;

Alternative rock style which combined hardcore punk and heavy metal

;

Kurt Cobain – Guitar

Krist Novoselic – Bass

Dave Grohl – Drums

;

Album “Nevermind” sold 10 million copies