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Characteristics – age of monarchy
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era of change & exploration, age of absolute monarchy, grandiose, ornaments, dramatic – pp. 106-107
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p. 107 Newton, Galileo, Harvey
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pp. 107-108 France, Austria, Spain, Italy
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p. 108 – Northern Germany, England, Scandinavia, Holland
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Paradise Lost
Know with what religious sect it was associated
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Milton wrote it., Puritan
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A single melody with continuo accompaniment and developed by the Camerata, it paved the way for opera. – Monody is homophonic
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. Know that in the Baroque, instrumental music was both polyphonic and homophonic
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but early vocal music was homophonic,
a shift from the Renaissance high polyphony.
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a group of men who sought to revive the ancient Greek musical drama, developed monody and thus paved the way for opera
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Basso continuo – What is it?
What are some possible instrument combinations for it?
Thus, a basso continuo needs two instruments
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Two instruments, one playing the bass line and the other playing the filler chords.
Keyboard for chords –a Harpsichord, organ, or clavichord paired with & either a cello or bassoon to double the bass line
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the numbers below the bass of a musical piece indicating chords
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Major-minor tonality of the Baroque
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The baroque period saw a shift from the modes of the Middle Ages to mostly major/minor modality
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A system of slightly adjusting the tuning of intervals within the octave, thus making it possible to play in every major and minor key
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Characteristics of baroque style
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rhythm, melody, terraced dynamics (all on one level). There is a line of loud and a line of soft perhaps, but there is little crescendo or decrescendo; vigorous rhythm based on regular accent and carried by a moving bass part, a continually expanding melody
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a professional trio of women at a court in Northern Italy
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Doctrine of the affections
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one mood throughout a piece
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Boys were castrated to keep their voices from lowering. The voices were high, but powerful. They sang in churches and in the opera seria.
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embellishing a piece of music in performance
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Women’ s roles in baroque music – How did it change
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Expanded into professional performance careers, including singing in operas
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Cantata as a part of Lutheran service and also its medium
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(SATB soloists, SATB chorus, & orchestra)/ The text was taken from the reading of the day.
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monophonic, German religious text/ To be sung by congregation Baroque composers often used chorales as a basis for their cantatas. Martin Luther arranged a famous chorale using a Psalm text and a well-known melody.
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Bach’ s professional positions
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cantor of St. Thomas’s Church in Leipzig, court organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Weimar, court musician to the prince of Nhalt-Cothen
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Bach was most known as an
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Form of the chorale tune “Wachet auf”
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Opening movement of Wachet auf is
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The form of the duet from Bach’s cantata is
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a play sung by soloists, chorus, and orchestra concert style (no staging)
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Source for the oratorio stories
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Bible (Old Testament mostly)
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His patron was the Princess of Portugal for whom he composed more than 400 harpsichord sonatas
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Handel’ s life –In what countries did he live and work?
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He was born in Germany, studied opera in Italy, and spent most of his adult life writing operas and then oratorios in England. He was a master of these two media.
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She was the daughter of Giulio Caccini and a composer and performer
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He was born in England in the late 17th c. He wrote for the church and for the theater. He was organist at West Minster Abbey. His opera is Dido and Aeneas.
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She was a professional composer and possibly a courtesan
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is the part of a dramatic work that moves the plot. Secco recitative is for solo and continuo
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Choral climax in Part II of Messiah is the
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became important in the Baroque
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an English composer of operas and masques as well as instrumental music, including Venus and Adonis
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a collection of pieces in various dance forms, all in the same key. The dances are either in AB or ABA form
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Aeneid, on which “Dido and Aeneas” is based
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libretto based on Virgil’s book. Purcell composed the music
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allemande, courant, sarabande, (other?), gigue
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English dance, fast 6/8 meter
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AB or ABA (binary or ternary)
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Where was the Water Music first performed
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on a barge floating down the Thames
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He was Italian, born in the Renaissance. He wrote madrigals and motets. Then he was a bridge into the Baroque, in which he wrote operas. His most famous opera, L’Orfeo, was composed for the private patron, the Duke of Mantua. When the public opera house opened in Venice, he composed for it, including The Coronation of Poppea.
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He was born in Italy, but he spent most of his life in the service of Louis XIV, for whom he composed operas and ballets. He teamed up with the comedic playwright Moliere for some of his works.
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Keyboard instruments of the baroque
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organ, harpsichord, clavichord
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plucked strings, no crescendo/decrescendo, no sustained pitches
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improvisatory, virtuosic keyboard work
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Source for stories for Handel’s operas
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mythology and historical figures
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a keyboard form based on the principle of voices imitating each other
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It is for solo voice and orchestra from a dramatic work. It does not move the plot, but rather it gives the singer a chance to vent his/her feelings about the action.
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In a fugue, the areas of relaxation where the subject is not heard are called what?
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Contrapuntal devices to alter a fugue theme
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augmentation, diminution, inversion, retrograde
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a melody repeated continuously in the bass of a piece
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opening section in which the subject sounds in all voices
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The Well-Tempered Clavier
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is a set of 48 preludes and fugues by Bach, composed to illustrate the advantages of the equal temperament for keyboards.
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Italian composer, composed over 400 concertos, had the patronage of a girl’s orphanage in Venice
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Bach’s last demonstration of contrapuntal mastery
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parts without the subject
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Characteristics of the Rococo
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ornate art, term derives from the French word for “ shell,” it aimed at enchanting the senses
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Gay/Pepusch/ballad opera, England
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Amati, Guarneri, Stradivarius
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a concerto that alternates a full orchestra of strings with a small group of solo instruments, called the ripieno and the concertino
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Differences in Baroque and current violins
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type of strings, cost of the instrument, playing techniques
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Prelude from Dido and Aeneas
Purcell
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LISTENING
Purcell – Dido’s Lament (Recitative and Aria) from Dido and Aeneas
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Test – This piece starts at the aria.
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Chorale fantasia from Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf
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Unison chorale from Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf
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“Rejoice greatly” from Messiah
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“Hallelujah” from Messiah
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Alla hornpipe from Water Music
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Rondeau, from Suite de symphonies
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Spring from The Four Seasons
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Contrapunctus 1, from The Art of Fugue
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Toccata & Fugue in D Minor
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Dido’s Lament is in what form?
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The “Hallelujah” opens with what kind of texture?
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The Choral Fantasia from Wachet Auf has what texture?
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The Toccata in D Minor is played on what instrument?
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“Rejoice Greatly” is scored for what medium?
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The Contrapunctus is written for what instrument?
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In the Suite de symphonies, the rondo theme features what instruments?
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The text for “Amor dormiglione” is directed towards what god?
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The opening melody of the Dido and Aeneas Prelude has what kind of character?
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playful tune and sprightly tempo
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