strophic form
song form based on repetition (AAA)
theme and variations
instrumental form based on rep. (A A’ A”)
through-composed
constand flow of music (a b c d)
binary form
form stressing contrast (A B)
ternary form
balance of rep. and contrast
frequency
rate of sound wave vibration
tone
pitch wit a specific frequency
interval
distance between two pitches
staff
5lines/ 4 spaces for notating music
flat
lowers a tone one half step
sharp
raises a tone one half step
forte
loud
mezzopiano
moderately soft
crescendo
becoming louder
diminuendo
becoming softer
rhythm
arrangement of time in music
duple meter
two beats per measure
measure
rhythmic unit with x number of beats
tempo
rate of speed
downbeat
first beat of a measure
upbeat
last beat of a measure
syncopation
accents which occur unepectedly
disjunct
disconnected melodic shape
conjunct
smooth connected melodic shape
theme
recurring melody easy to identify
motive
short melodic phrase or fragment
diatonic scale
major or minor
chromatic scale
twelve successive half steps in an octive
whole-tone scale
six successive whole steps in an octave
harmony
two or more tones simultaneously
chord
three or more tones simultaneously
triad
chord built on interval a third apart
monophonic texture
one melody only
homophonic texture
one melody with accompaniment
polyphonic texture
two or more melodies simultaneouslyf
timbre
quality of sound
soprano
highest female voice
alto
lowest female voice
tenor
highest male voice
bass
lowest male voice
string instrument
cello
woodwind instrument
saxaphone
brass instrument
french horn
percussion instrument
timpani
keyboard instrument
clavichord
ethos
effect of music on man’s character
improvisation
spontaneous composition of music
monophonic
texture of Greek music
acoustics
science of sound
lyre
instrument used by Cult of Apollo
aulos
instrument used by cult of dionysus
Gregorian chant
monophonic texture used in middle ages
organum
polyphonic texture used in middle ages
gothic
artistic style beginning in the 12th century
Guillaume de Machaut
wrote Missa Notre Dame
shawm
woodwind instrument used in middle ages
vielle
string instrument used in middle ages
a cappela
unaccompanied choral music
Josquin des Prez
great composer from the Netherlands
Palestrina
great composer from Italy
Martin Luther
Protestant Reformer
lute
most popular string instrument of 16th century
liturgy
words of the Mass
motet
sacred song
John Calvin
psalter and psalm tune
madrigal
popular song
consort
grouping instruments into families
Petrucci
developed music printing
Gesualdo
chromatic madrigals
polychoral music
St. Mark’s Cathedral
sonata
instrumental composition
Florentine Camerata
monody
Scarlatti
Italian composer in Rococo period
Bach
German composer in Rococo period
Couperin
French composer in Rococo period
homophonic
texture of Rococo music
Handel
wrote the Messiah
J.S. Bach
composer, performer, organ expert
concerto grosso
orchestra and solo ensemble
continuo
plays the thoroughbass part
fugue
polyphonic texture in Baroque period
recitative
homophonic texture in Baroque period
libretto
text of an opera
figured bass
musical shorthand
prelude
introductory piece
de capo aria
ternary form in Baroque period
Ben Franklin
invented the glass harmonica
Gluck
began the reform of opera
Mozart
child prodigy, died at age 36
opera buffa
Italian comic opera
opera comique
French comic opera
Singspiel
German comic opera
coda
tail
sonata-allegro
A B A
rondo
German comic opera
string quartet
doesn’t use the double bass
cadenza
improvised by instrumental soloist
Requiem
Mass for the dead
Rousseau
Father of Romanticism
Beethoven
great German composer who became deaf
Schubert
Viennese pianist and song writer
Lied
German art song
scherzo
replaced the minuet