Squarcialupi Codex

o   A manuscript of Italian pieces that were composed in the first two decades of the 14th century

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o   354 pieces

o   Three types represented

§  Madrigal

§  Caccia

§  Ballata

Trecento
The Italian term for the 14th century or the 1300s
Landini Cadence
A cadence used by Francesco Landini in which the voices cadence out from a major sixth to an octave, but the upper voice goes down a step and leaps a third.
Guillaume de Machaut

(1300-1377) 

o   Most important composer of the 14th century

o   Unblemished career

o   Secretary of the king of Bohemia

o   Traveled great distances (as far as Russia)

o   Composed a lot of works

o   Composed many leis

§  Monophonic secular works

o   Did the first complete setting of the Mass Ordinary by one composer

Hocket

o   A new type of composing

§  A technique or mannerism

§  Used in France primarily, a little in Italy

o   Important term

o   Means (basically) a hiccup

o   Two instruments alternate pitches (usually the same pitch)

 

formes fixes

1.  Ballade

2.  Virelai

3.   Rondeau

Ballade

a song always with the form AAB settin ga poem with from one to three stanzas, or strophes; employs a lyrical melody accompanied by one or two voices or instruments.

Cantus
The highest vocal part in an early polyphonic composition
Rondeau

§  ABaAabAB

·         II     A     II     B     II

·         1, 4, 7      2,8

·         3               6

·         5

·         a means same music different text

·         A means same music and text

§  Not to be confused with the Classical Rondo

Virelai

One of the formes fixes.  Originated with the troubadours and trouveres as a monophonic dance with choral singing.  AbbaA

Contratenor bassus
The vocal line below the tenor.  Later to be called the tenor.
Contratenor altus
The vocal line just above the tenor.  Later to be called the alto.
Franco of Cologne

(1250-1280)

Wrote the first treatise on mensural notation and Franconian Motets are named in his honor.

Long

one of the three basic note vales and shapes recognized by Franco of Cologne around 1280 in his classification of musical durations.

(The longest of the three note values)

(Think double-whole note)

Breve

one of the three basic note vales and shapes recognized by Franco of Cologne around 1280 in his classification of musical durations.

(The second longest of three)

(Think three whole notes)

Semibreve

one of the three basic note vales and shapes recognized by Franco of Cologne around 1280 in his classification of musical durations.

(Four to nine half notes)

Mensural Notation

-Every note/symbol has a specific value

-System laid out by Franco of Cologne

Philippe de Vitry

(1291-1361)

a composer who wrote the treatise the Ars Nova.

Minim
A newer subdivision.  This subdivides the sembreve.

Mode

(Modus)

the division of the long into two or three breves

(what we would think of as measures)

Time

(Tempus)

the division of the breve into two of three semibreves

Prolation

(Prolatio)

the division of the semibreve into two or three minims
Ars Nova
A treatise written by Philippe de Vitry.  Translates to new art.  Introduced the idea that music could be subidivided into two rather than three.
Ars Antiqua
The opposition to the Ars Nova school of thought.  Believes in subdivision of three rather than two.
THE BRITISH SYSTEM OF NOTATION

o   Double Whole Note – Breve

o   Whole Note – Semibreve

o   Half Note – Minim

o   Quarter Note – Crotchet

o   Eighth Note – Quaver

o   Sixteenth Note – Semiquaver

o   Thirty-second Note – Demisemiquaver

o   Sixty-fourth Note – Hemi demisemiquaver

Leoninus

(Leonin)

-Composed organum and duplum

-Wrote a treatise Magnus liber organi

-Composed at Notre Dame

Magnus liber organi

-A book of polyphony written by Leonin

-No longer exists, but Anonymous 4 wrote about it, so now we know

-Written to make the mass and canonical hours more splendid

Tenor

In Medieval polyphony the bottom most voice, often a preexisting chant, upon which the composition is built

Discant
a style of music in which the voices move at roughly the same rate and are written in clearly defined modal rhythms
Clausula

-section, phrase, pr "musical clause" in a medieval composition

-technically a trope

rhythmic modes

o   Major step forward

o   Metered music for the first time

o   The Modes:

§  1.  Quarter…Eighth

§  2.  Eighth…Quarter

§  3.  Dotted Quarter…Eighth…Quarter

§  4.  Eighth…Quarter…Dotted Quarter

§  5.  Dotted Quarter…Dotted Quarter

§  6.  Eighth…Eighth…Eighth

o   Used in Discant

Ligature
In early notation a group of two, three, or four individual notes
Substitute Clausula
One clausula written in discant style intended to replace another

Perotinus

(Perotin)

Composer from the Notre Dame school.

 Followed Leonin

Composed a lot of triplum and some quadruplum.

Duplum
The second voice in a two- three- or four-voice organa
Triplum
Third voice in a pieve of three- or four-voice organum of the Middle Ages
Quadruplum
fourth voice in four voice organa
Notre Dame School
The name given by historians to the composers Leoninus, Pertonius, and their colleagues who created a huge musical repertory of more than a thousand pieces during the period 1160-1260 at and around Notre Dame of Paris
Troubadour
a poet-musician of the courtly art of vernacular sung poetry that developed in the Middle Ages in southern France

Trouvere

A poet-musician of the courtly art of vernacular sung poetry that developed in norther France during the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries
Chanson
French term for song, monophonic or polyphonic
Minnesang

(a song of love in old high German)

a song created by a Minnesinger

Cantiga
A medieval Spanish or Portuguese monophonic song; hundreds were created on subjects of love, epic heroism, and everyday life
Cantigas de Santa Maria
A special group of four hundred songs that survived from the medieval collection of Cantigas.

Church Modes

(authentic)

Dorian

Phrygian

Lydian

Mixolydian

Church Modes

(plagal)

Hypodorian

Hypophrygian

Hypolydian

Hypomixolydian

Neume
A sign for a single or group of pitches from chant notation
Guido of Arezzo

Created the Guidonian Hand

Wrote a music theory treatise called the Micrologus

Natural Hexachord
A hexachord placed on "C"
Soft Hexachord
A hexachord placed on "F"
Hard Hexachord
A hexachord placed on "G"
Guidonian Hand

Start on "G" on thumb

End on "E" above middle finger

Tibia
Roman name for the aulos
Tuba
Roman name for the trumpet; a long, straight instrument with a cylindrical bore and a bell at the end, which originated with the Etruscans
Seven Liberal Arts

1. Grammar

2. Rhetoric

3. Logic

4. Arithmetic

5. Geometry

6. Astronomy

7. Music

Trivium

1. Grammar

2. Rhetoric

3. Logic

Quadrivium

4. Arithmetic

5. Geometry

6. Astronomy

7. Music

Boethius

Wrote a treatse on each of the four parts of the quadrivium (which includes music)

Fundamentals of Music

Written by Boethius

A treatise on music which became a music theory text for hundreds of years

Musica Mundana

(Music of the Spheres)

Music of the Heavenly bodies

Can’t be heard by men

Musica Instrumentalis

Music as we know it

Can be heard by men

Musicus
Musicologist who studies and understands music
Cantor
The practitioner who performs music
Liturgy
the collection of prayers, chants, readings, and ritual acts by which teh etheology of the church, or any organiced religion, is practiced.
Chant
The monophonic religious music that is sung in a house of worship.
Coptic Chant
Chant from Northern Africa
Byzantine Chant

Chant from Byzantium

Roman Chant
Chant from the early churches of Rome
Ambrosian Chant
Chant from Italy
Mozarabic Chant
Chant from Spain
Gallican Chant
Chant from French

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Lyre

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in Ancient Greece a medium-sized instrument usually with seven strings of sheep gut and a resonator of turtle shell; plucked with a metal or bone plectrum and used most often to accompany a solo singer (Ch1)

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Kithara

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the largest of all ancient Greek string instruments (an ecspecially large lyre) usually fitted with seven strings and a resonator of wood (Ch1)

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Aulos

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an Ancient Greek wind instrument played in pairs that produced a high, clear, penetrating sound.

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Pythagoras

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(6th century B.C.E.) Father of theory. Astronomer, mathematician ; musician. Music was a Science.

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Music of the Spheres

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part of the ancient Greek world-view of music, which held that when the stars and planets rotated in balanced proportions they made heavenly music (Ch1)

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Monochord

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A ancient device with a single sting stretched over a wooden block and a monochord at each end; distances were carefully measured on the string for different pitches (Ch1)

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Tetrachord

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a sucession of four pitches (Ch1)

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;Proslambanomenos

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term used by the ancient Greeks to indicate the lowest sounding pitch in their Greater Perfect System (Ch1)

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Greater Perfect System

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the framework of the Greek two-octave scale formed by 4 tetrachords and the proslambanomenos (Ch1)

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Tonos

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ancient Greek term for a scale (Ch1)

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Diatonic Genus

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the basic genus within the ancient Greek musical system; reflects the primary tetrachord spanning the intervals S-T-T (Ch1)

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Chromatic Genus

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a tetrachord employed by the ancient Greeks consisting of two semi-tones and a minor third (Ch1)

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Enharmonic Genus

a tetrachord found in ancient Greek music consisting of a major third and two quarter-tones; used for music demanding more subtle variations of pitch than that of the diatonic or chromatic genera (Ch1)

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Rule of St. Benedict

A code of conduct to regulate daily life in a monastic community created by Benedict of Nursia (c480-c550 C.E.) (Ch3)

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Matins

the night office of the canonical hours, required much singing, and on high feasts such as Xmas or Easter, might be up to 4 hours (Ch3)

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Vespers

the late afternoon service, and most important of the eight canonical hours for the history of music; psalms hyms and the Magnificant were sung (Ch3)

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Gregorian Chant (Plainsong)

a vast body of monophonic religious music setting Latin texts and intended for use in the R.C.C.; the music sung daily at the eight canonical hours of prayer and at Mass (Ch3)

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Charlemagne

(742-814 C.E.)

Became the first Holy Roman Emporer. Crowned by Pope Leo III. Tried to ressurect the western half of the Roman Rmpire but have it Christian. MANDATED CHANT AND LITURGICAL TRADITIONS OF THE CHURCH OF ROME BE IMPOSED (Ch3)

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Psalter

Book of 150 Psalms from the Old Testement used for chant in the monestary

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Psalmody

The act of singing a Psalm (Ch3)

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Cantor

the practitioner who performs music, as distinguished from the musicus; in a medieval monestary or nunery the person specially trained to lead the music of the community (Ch3)

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Antiphonal Singing

a method of musical performance in which a divided choir sings back and forth (Ch3)

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Doxology

a standard formula of praise to the Holy Trinity; ;Gloria Patri; (Ch3)

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Antiphon

in antiphonal singing the short chant sung before and after a psalm and its doxology (Ch3)

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Psalm Tone

eight simple recitation formulas (simple repeating patterns) which psalms were chanted (Ch3)

Intonation, Recitation, Mediation, Recitation, Termination

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Hymn

a relatively short chant with a small number of phrases (usually 4) and a narrow vocal range (Ch3)

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Magnificant

the culmination of the service (Ch3)

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Canticle

lyrical and memorable passage of scripture usually drawn from the New Testament (Ch3)

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Mass

the central part of the Roman Catholic Church. Consists of communion and such

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Proper of the Mass

Part of the mass that changes daily. Includes:

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Introit

Gradual (reflective chant)

Alleluia or Tract (thanksgiving or penance)

Sequence

Offertory

Communion

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Ordinary of the Mass

stays same every day. Includes:

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Kyrie (petition for mercy)

Gloria (hymn-praise)

Credo (profession of faith)

Sanctus (acclamation to the Lord)

Agnus dei (petition for mercy and internal peace)

Ite, missa est (Short dismissal)

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Introit

Part of the Proper Mass, an introductory chant for the entrance of the celebrating clergy. (Ch3)

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Syllabic Chant

chant where there is one syllable per note (Ch3)

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Neumatic Chant

multiple notes to a single syllable (ch3)

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Melismatic Chant (Melisma)

a lengthy phrase set to one syllable (Ch3)

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Kyrie

a petition, IN GREEK, for mercy (ch3)

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Gloria

hymn of praise to the lord (Ordinary Mass)

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Credo

Ordinary Mass, a profession of faith

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Responsorial singing

Choral responce, solo verse, choral response (Ch3)

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Alleluia

(Ordinary) a petition for mercy and eternal peace (Ch3)

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Trope

an addition of music and/or text to a pre-existing chant (Ch5)

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Sequence

additional music and/or text that FOLLOWED an existing chant (Ch5)

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Notker Balbulus

(c840-912)

compiled a book of sequences Liber Hymnorum. Uses DOUBLE VERSE STRUCTURE (same music; different verse) (Ch5)

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Dies irae

Day of Wrath. written during 13th century for the Requiem Mass. Speaks of the hellfire that threatens the soul on the Day of Judgement (Ch5)

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Requiem Mass

Mass of the Dead (Ch5)

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Convent

A monestary (Ch5)

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Hildegard of Bingen

(1098-1179)

Composed 77 chants and a liturgical drama. Saw spirits, all her music arranged in Symphonia (Ch5)

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Diabolus in musica

The tritone (Ch5)

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Ordo virtutum

Hildegard of Bingen’s liturgical drama, consist of approx. 80 chants. (Play of Virtues) (Ch5)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Liturgical Drama

a religious play with music intended to be inserted into the liturgy, usually before Mass (Ch5)

 

 

 

 

 

Musica Enchiriadis

Music Handbook, a music theory treatsie that dates from the 890’s and is ascribed to Abbot Hoger, it describes a type of polyphonic singing called organum and aimed to teach church singers how to improvise (Ch7)

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Organum (Pl. Organa)

Another term for polyphony. ;Sounds like an organ; (Ch7)

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Parallel Organum

Voices move in parallel motion, interval kept the same (Ch7)

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Vox principalis

;Principle Voice; pre-existing chant (Ch7)

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Vox organalis

;Organal Voice; Newly added voice line added to a chant (Ch7)

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Oblique Motion

One voice repeating/sustaining a note while other voices move away or toward it (Ch7)

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Winchester Troper

a troper-chant manuscript dating back from c1000 C.E. from a Benedictine Monastery at Winchester England; 150 2voice organa

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Sustained-tone/note organum

bottom voice holds a note while the faster-moving top voice embellishes it in a florid motion (Ch7)

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close

An independent urban enclave situatied next to a medieval church (Ch9)

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Latin Quarter

Area in Paris where the university scholars lived across the river (Ch9)

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Conductus

sung as the clergy moved from place to place or engaged in some kinetic activity (Ch9)

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Feast of Fools

Circumcision (January 1) the youngest of the adult clerics took charge of the church. A satire of the church service. Led the processional with a donkey (Ch9)

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Motet

a discant clausula with sacred words added. later to mean any sacred choral composition (Ch9)

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Motetus

in a Motet, the term for the second voice that would elaborate on a word sung by the tenor (Ch9)

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Roman de Fauvel

Tale of Fauvel

Satire of the Frech King, where his #2 man is portrayed as an Ass. Which is a Horse? Right? (Ch11)

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Philippe dr Vitry

Italian poet. Renaisance man.

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isotrhythm

Rhythmic pattern constantly repeated in usually the tenor voice (Ch11)

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Talea

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Medeival french for a rhythmic pattern (Ch11)

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Color

the melodic unit in an isorhythmic motet (Ch11)

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Estampie

;stomp; dances sung, usually about love (Ch11)

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Vielle

a large five stringed fiddled capable of playing the entire Guidonian scale, usually accompanied the estampie (Ch11)

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Shawm

ancestor to the modern oboe. double reed with a loud penetrating tone; by late 14th came in 2 sizes, treble and tenor (tuned a 5th below) (Ch11)

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Portative Organ

Small portable organ played by pumping the bellows in one hand and sliding wooden slots with the other (Ch11)

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Positive Organ

Mid-size organ with slave-boy that pumped the bellows (Ch11)

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Clavichord

;key string; when a key was pushed a metal tangent ;T; hit a metal chord (Ch11)

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Robertsbridge Codex

Frenchh Royal Court, earliest surviving collection of keyboard music. 3 estampues and arrangments of 3 motets. (Ch11)

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Francesco Petrarch

Italian Poet 1355. [Moved the papcy to Avignon] (Ch13)

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Great Western Schism

1417. 2 elected popes, an Italian and Frenchmen. Split the Papacy (Ch13)

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Baude Cordier

musician, marked his music with unusual rhythmic sophistication. shaped pieces (literally took shape of title; heart, circle) (Ch13)