Claude Debussy is especially known for his
opposition to program music
A ballet
Appalachian Spring
American composers
John Cage, Aaron Copland, John Adams
Bela Bartok was from
Hungary
A composition would always end with
a tonic chord
A “blue note” is

1. tone that falls in between two steps of the scale

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2. repeating chord progression, 12 measures long, that structures a blues song

3. repetition of the first line, followed by a different line

The most famous impressionist orchestral work Prelude to “the Afternoon of a Faun” was inspired by a poem by
Mallarme
Important composer of ragtime music
Scott Joplin
Neoclassical compositions are characterized by
forms and style features of earlier periods
New techniwue of singing halfway between speech and song
Spreechstimme
Instrument found in rhythm section of jazz ensemble
piano
Ragtime music is primarily played on
piano
Medieval (dates)
476-1450
Renaissance (dates)
1450-1600
Baroque (Dates)
1600-1750
Classical (Dates)
1750-1820
Romantic (Dates)
1820-1900
Aaron Copland
Appalachian Spring
Claude Debussy
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun; Impressionist
Igor Stravinsky
The Rite of Spring
Leonard Bernstein
West Side Story
John Cage
4’33”; Experimentalist
George Gershwin
Porgy and Bess
Richard Wagner
The Ring of Nibelung
Arnold Schoenberg
Expressionist
Sergei Prokofiev
Neoclassical
Terry Riley
Minimalist
John Adams
Minimalist
Medieval Composers
Guillaume de Machaut, Hildegard of Bingen
Renaissance Composers
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Baroque Composers
J.S. Bach, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonion Vivaldi
Classical Composers
Joseph Haydn
Romantic Composers
Johannes Brahms
20th Century Composers
John Cage
Main keyboard instrument of the Romantic period
organ
Classical period orchestra usually included
a string section and pairs of woodwind instruments (flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons)
Instrumental music in the Classical period
became more important than vocal music
Classical style included
simple, tuneful melodies
The form of rondo might be
ABACA
Minuet was always in a meter of
3 beats
Examples of program music
Symphonie fantastique
Examples of nonprogram music
The Marriage of Figaro
One unusual feature of Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 is
it has choir and vocal soloists
Composer of virtuoso piano music in the 19th century
Franz Liszt
Trend in Italian opera to write about everyday characters and events was known as
verismo
String quartet includes
2 violins, 1 viola, and 1 cello
Technique NOT used in Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique
Leitmotif
Opera composers
Mozart, Bizet, and Verdi
New type of singing found in Classical period comic operas
ensemble
Composer that only wrote piano music
Frederic Chopin
In Wagner’s operas, a melody associated with a dramatic element such as an object, character, or idea
Leitmotif
Both Beethoven and Mozart played
piano
Romantic style included

1. intense emotional expression

2. interest in bizarre or supernatural

3. interest in combining elements of different art forms

First movement of a Classical concerto
has two expositions in the first movement
Minuet is generally used for
3rd movement of a Classical symphony
Form when music is repeated for all the stanzas of a song
strophic
Sonata-form movement

1. exposition, development, and recapitulation

2. employed as 1st movement of a symphony

3. preceded by a slow introduction

Each individual part of a chamber music composition is played by
one musician
In Beethoven’s works, the 3rd movement is not a minuet but a
scherzo
Franz Schubert
Wrote over 600 lieder
How many symphonies did Beethoven write?
9
Most symphonies have how many movements
4
Most concertos have how many movements?
3
A string quartet usually consists of how many movements?
4
First composer to write a large number of important string quartets
Haydn
Binary
AB
Ternary
ABA
Minuet and Trio
ABA
Hector Berlioz
Symphony fantastique
Richard Wagner
The Valkyrie
Peter tchaikovsky
Romeo and Juliet
Johannes Brahms
A German Requiem
Giacomo Puccini
La Boheme
Georges Bizet
Carmen
Texture of Renaissance music
polyphonic
No instruments to accompany the voices
cappella
Texture of Gregorian chant
monophonic
Wrote earliest extant of polyphonic setting of entire Ordinary of the Mass
William Machaut
Renaissance is known as the Golden Age of
polyphonic
Flute-type instrument popular during the medieval and renaissance, which was end-blow instead of side-blown like the modern flute
recorder
Keyboard insturment popular in the Baroque period
harpischord
Sonata
chamber music genre in Baroque period
Accompaniment in Baroque music
basso continuo
The Renaissance madrigal began in
Italy
Allemande
moderate
Courante
quick
Sarabande
slow
Gigue
fast
Instruments that may appear in a basso continuo group
keyboard, bass, harpischord, organ, cello, and flute
Aria

1. more passionate

2. clear meter and regular rhythms

3. conveys what character feels about events

Recitative

1. without perceptible meter or beat

2. tells what is happening on stage

First major opera and composer
L’Orfeo by Heinnich Schutz
Allegro
fast
Andante
moderate
Adagio
slow
Opera originated in
Italy
Most medieval music was
vocal
Text of the opera
libretto
J.S. Bach was famous as
an organist
J.S. Bach spent his entire career living and working in
Germany
Most operas open with
overture
How many performers do trio sonatas usually involve?
4
Characteristics of Renaissance music
imitation, polyphonic, word-painting
Most important instrument in church
organ
Earliest keyboard instrument
organ
In trio sonata, how many high instruments and how many instruments for basso continuo?
2 and 2
Oratorios are often based on
biblical stories
Earliest polyphonic music
organum
Baroque operas were often based on
mythology
Opera started by who in what century?
Florentine Camarado in the 16th century