< crescendo
gradually louder
> decrescendo, diminuendo (dim.)
gradually softer
mp mezzo piano
medium soft
mf mezzo forte
medium loud
pp pianissimo
very soft
ff fortissimo
very loud
b [note with horizontal dash beneath it]
– tenuto
hold for full value, stress
which are the primary triads
the I, IV and V chords
|_________| (a long line with bars on each side)
damper pedal: the pedal on the far right; depress and release the damper pedal
8va—–,
play eight notes (one octave) higher
8va—-‘
play eight notes (one octave) lower
|——|——
1. 2.
first and second endings
repetition
exact repeating of note or rhythm patters in the same voice and on the same pitch
accidental
sharps (#), flats (b) or naturals (#) placed before notes, usually to indicate a note which is not in the key signature