Sample Rate
1. Snapshots per second
2. Measured in Hertz (Hz)
OVER-SAMPLED
SAMPLED MORE THAN 2X PER CYCLE
CRITICALLY-SAMPLED
SAMPLED EXACTLY 2X PER CYCLE
UNDER-SAMPLED (aliased)
* SAMPLED LESS THAN 2X PER CYCLE
(Aliasing occurs when sample rate is too low.)
Aliasing
makes high frequencies appear as low
frequencies

Aliasing occurs above the Nyquist Frequency.

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In order to eliminate aliasing, a low pass
filter (LPF) is put before the A-to-D
conversion stage at the Nyquist Frequency.

Nyquist Theorem:
The sampling rate must be
≥ 2X the highest recorded frequency in order
to avoid aliasing.
Nyquist Frequency
1/2 the Sampling Rate
Bit Depth
1. Number of bits stored
per sample

2. Describes possible
volume values

3. Bit = ON/OFF switch
a. 1 = ON
b. 0 = OFF

Quantization
1. Volumes are adjusted up or down to the nearest volume value in digital audio.