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| A regularly-spaced, recurring pulse |
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| The speed or rate at which the beat is occurring, expressed in beats per minute (bpm) |
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| tells us what note value lasts for one beat (usually quarter note) |
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| the perceptual framework created by two interacting pulse streams that group beats into measures |
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| a way to group beats – one measure is the time from one downbeat to the next |
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| meters where the beat itself is commonly divided into two parts |
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key signature: 4/4 or C
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4 beats per measure (simple quadruple), quarter note beat note
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| pattern of durations of sounds in time |
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| A predetermined set of relationships between pitches where one pitch is the center of the system |
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| set of 5 parallel lines used to indicate higher or lower pitches |
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| a line parallel to the staff, used to extend it (Middle C is one ledger line below the staff) |
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| distance between two pitches with the same pitch-name |
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identifies where a specific pitch is on the staff
- treble clef = G above middle C
- bass clef = F below middle C
- Alto and tenor clefs = middle C
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| the distance from one note on a keyboard to an adjacent one, whether black or white |
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the relationship between two notes that have different names or labels, but that have exactly the same pitch
E# = Fb
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| Great Staff or Grand Staff |
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| Treble clef and bass clef are attached by a brace (a single line attaching them) and a curved bracket. Treble clef is always above bass clef, and the two are separated by at least one staff-height. |
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| Octave designation system |
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System of numbering the octaves on a keyboard from C1-C8.
Notes below the lowest C (C1) are in “octave zero” and are labeled A0 and B0.
Each octave begins at C.
Middle C is C4.
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Octave higher: 8va
Octave lower: 8vb
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Double sharp: x
Double flat: bb
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| Tells music reader how many beats per measure (top) and what the beat note is (bottom) |
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A Whole note lasts for “one” beat (this depends on time signature). It looks like a hollow oval.
A whole rest lasts for 4 beats too, and looks like an upside-down top hat hanging from the fourth line in the staff.
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A Half-note lasts half as long as a whole note and looks like a hollow oval with a stem.
A half-note rest looks like a top hat resting on the third line of the staff.
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When a note with a stem is on the third line or higher, the stem goes DOWN to the left.
When a note is on the second line or lower, it goes UP to the right.
stems are always about four lines tall.
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a quarter-note lasts half as long as a half-note and looks like a filled-in oval with a stem.
a quarter-rest looks like a z on top of a c and stretches across the middle 3 lines of the staff.
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| Eighth- and Sixteenth-notes/rests |
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Eighth notes last half as long as quarter notes, and are notated with a filled-in oval with a flag on the right side of the stem (regardless of stem orientation)
Eighth-note rests are little 7’s that cross the middle line of the staff.
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Sixteenth-notes and rests are the same as eighth-notes and rests except they have 2 flags instead of one. (rest 7’s have two top bars)
beams should be used instead of flags whenever a single beat is divided into eighth- or sixteenth-notes (but a beam can never cross the middle point of a bar).
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increase the value of the note to which they are applied by one half.
If a second dot is present, it adds half the duration added by the first dot.
ex: a dotted quarter-note gets an eighth-note added to it. If there’s a second dot, the duration lasts for a quarter-note + eighth-note + sixteenth-note length.
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| notes that come before the first downbeat of a piece (and thus before the first barline), and which make a complete measure with the last notes in the piece. |
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the beat is subdivided into three parts
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beat note = usually dotted quarter
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Time signatures:
- top # tells you how many subdivisions there are in each measure (multiply by three the number of beats per measure)
- bottom # refers to the subdivision of the beat note
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| Compound Duple, Triple, and Quadruple Meters |
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If beat note is a dotted quarter-note, the bottom note is an 8.
If it’s a dotted half-note, the bottom note is a 4.
Compound Duple: the top number is always 6.
Compound Triple: the top number is always 9.
Compound Quadruple: the top number is always 12.
Options: 6/8, 6/4, 9/8, 9/4, 12/8, 12/4
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| Simple Double, Triple, and Quadruple Meters |
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bottom number:
2 = half-note bn, 4 = quarter-note bn, 8 = eighth-note bn
top number:
4 = simple quadruple (4 beats per measure)
3 = simple triple (3 beats per measure)
2 = simple duple (2 beats per measure)
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| percieved accents coming from certain sounds being longer |
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| Steps for Rhythmic Dictation |
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- Figure out meter
- Figure out how many measures & write them in
- Write in beat counts under each measure
- Check work
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