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- Transition from small Dixie land groups to large 16-17 piece groups
- Jazz becoming more popular
- Bands making more money through radio/albums
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| People: Fletcher Henderson |
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- Famous pianist/arranger
- Expanded instrumentation/orchestration of Dixie Land Jazz for bigger groups
- Created arrangement pattern for swing
- Lead premier dance group in jazz w/ Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young
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| Fletcher Henderson: Big Band Instrumentation |
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- 5 Saxophones
- 4 Trumpets
- 4 Trombones
- Rhythm – Stand up bass, piano, drums, guitar
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- White trumpet player
- His x-country tour made hot jazz popular
- Advocate of integration in Jazz
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- Black band leader – phenomenal drummer
- Invents the modern drum set
- First drummer to take solos
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- Trombone player/arranger – CU Alum!
- Precise arangement and ensemble
- Enlists in military – creates service band
- Dies in friendly fire incident
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- Riff-based/ “head” arrangements – Jam style
- Relaxed swing feel
- Greater focus on solists
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| People/Style: Count Basie |
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- Famous pianist
- “less is more” in orchestrations – relaxed, rhythmic feel
- Riff based – head arrangements
- Blues based style
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| People/Style: Billie Holliday |
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- Nicknamed “Lady Day”
- No formal training – learned from listening to Louis Armstrong/Bessie Smith
- Didn’t scat
- Limited range
- Skill w/ emotional content of songs
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| People/Style: Ella Fitzgerald |
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- “The first lady of song” – takes over Chick Webb’s band
- Wide vocal range
- One of the GREAT scat singers
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| People/Style: Coleman Hawkins |
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- “Hawk” or “Bean” – Tenor Saxophone player
- Influenced by Louis Armstrong
- Big sound, wide vibrato
- Improvisation = vertical, lots of arpeggios
- First star of the tenor sax
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- Playing individual notes in a chord
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| People/Style: Lester Young |
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- “Pres” – smooth, relaxed/bluesy, light sound
- Not rhythmically precise – floated over beat
- Horizontal improv – few arpeggios
- Long, smooth phrases
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| Factors: Swing to Bebop Transition (3) |
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- WW II draft/economics made big bands hard
- American Federation of Musicians recording strike – wanted radio royalties
- Poupularity of other music (R)
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- Street in NYC w/ many music clubs
- Swing musicians hang out, play jam sessions
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- “Modern Jazz” – Intellectual music
- Complex harmonies/rhythms – “Music for musicians”
- Solo-based
- Played in clubs instead of dance halls
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- Rejection of mainstream music
- Rise in black consciousness
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| Definition: “Head, Solo, Head” arrangement |
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- Head = melody
- Solo = plays over the structure of the song
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| People/Style: Kenny Clarke |
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- Pioneer of bebop drumming
- Drums no longer melodically stagnant –> now have a melodic purpose
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| People/Style: Dizzy Gillespie |
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- Teacher of bebop – exceptional trumpet player
- Understaning of harmony/rhythm – used unique rhythms
- Command of upper register
- Used “chromaticism”
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| People/Style: Charlie Parker |
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- Famous Saxophonist – “Bird”
- Incredible facility and rhythmic innovations
- Suffered from drug use – Died at 33
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| People/Style: Thelonious Monk |
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- Mainly self-taught pianist
- His compositions became standard
- Eccentric – got up to dance during music
- Difficult to communicate with – speculation over whether he suffered from clinical diseases
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| Band Members: “All American Rhythm Section” |
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- Count Basie – Piano
- Walter Page – Bass
- Jo Jones – Drums
- Freddie Green – Guitar
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| Ella Fitzgerald: “Great American Songbook” |
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- Interpretation of Tin Pan Alley songs makes her famous
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- Jam Sessions
- Long solos – try to out-do each other
- Fast tempo, strange keys
- Motivated players to practice and raise the bar
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