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Hildegard von Bingen – Secular Song – (ca. 1150)
- plainchant
- monophony
- provided clarity for worship
- melismas and syllabic text
- free rhythm
- Conjunct Melodies
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I Can All Too Well Compare My Lady |
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Machaut – Secular Song – (ca. 1350)
- polyphony (independent voices)
- courtly love
- AAB
- Mass oridinary song
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Josquin des Prez – Secular Song – (ca. 1500)
- four-voice polyphony (all equal)
- counterpoint
- ternary form (ABA)
- word-painting
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William Byrd – Anthem – (1590)
- polyphony (six-voice)
- a capella choral music
- imitative counterpoint
- sectional form
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Claudio Monteverdi – Early Baroque Opera – (1607)
- homophony (subordinate accompaniment)
- basso continuo
- recitative
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Brandeburg Concerto no. 2 |
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J.S. Bach – Concerto Grosso – (1720)
- ritornello principle
- fugal texture
- extreme timbral contrast
- vehicle for virtuosic displays
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Handel – Oratorio – (1747)
- ritornello and sectional form
- aria & recitative
- all three textures
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String Quartet in C Major |
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Haydn – String Quartet – (1797)
- theme and variation form
- each variation is assigned a diff. instrument
- periodic phrase structure
- memics a conversation between instruments
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Symphony no. 40 in G Minor |
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Mozart – Symphony – (1788)
- Sonata form
- contrasting themes (characters in a drama)
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Mozart – Comic Opera – (1786)
- opera buffa
- drama through music
- each voice is a character, represents character’s emotion
- accompanied recitative
- Rondo Form
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Symphony no. 5 in C Minor |
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Beethoven ;- ;Symphony ;- ;(1808)
- rhythmic motif
- sonata form
- Dynamic contrast (loud vs. soft)
- theme and variations
- scherzo
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Schubert ;- ;Song ;- ;(1815)
- ballad
- modified strophic form
- word painting through music
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Overture to A Midsummer’s Night Dream |
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Felix Mendelssohn – Concert Overture – (1826)
- program music
- drama represented in a purely instrumental musical
- each situation is given a theme
- sonata form
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Berlioz – Programmatic Symphony – (1830)
- modern orchestra
- program music
- Contrasting sections (major vs. minor)
- Idee Fixe
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Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel – Piano Trio – (1846)
- chamber music for the home
- song without words
- invitation to create our own
- modified strophic form
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Clara Schumann – A capella choral – (1848)
- political music
- word-painting of “Forward!” (trumpets)
- timbre of the a capella
- Nationalism
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Chopin – Charater piece for piano – (1830s)
- drone bass
- Repetition, Variation, and Contrast
- song-like vocal texture in piano
- Nationalism & Romanticism
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Gottschalk – Solo Piano – (1862)
- Virtuosity
- homophonic vs. polyphonic
- Nationalism
- response to the civil war
- uses American folk melodies
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Verdi – Opera – (1853)
- integretation of recitative and aria
- uses aria to show deep emotion
- vocal virtuosity
- little focus on the orchestra
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Wagner – Opera – (1856)
- balance of voice and the orchestra
- thematic ideas are represented in the music
- Leitmotif
- kept vocal parts simple and clear
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Brahms – Symphony – (1885)
- theme and variations form
- theme derived from Bach’s Cantata
- complex
- ABA form
- orchestral timbre
- Combined old forms with new elements
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String Quartet “American”
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Dvorak ;- ;String Quartet – ;(1893)
- call and response
- pentatonic melody
- folk-like rhythms
- Nationalism
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Claude Debussy ;- ;Character Piece for Piano ;- (1910)
- timbre of the piano
- whole-tone scale
- harmonies unsolved, melodies float in and out
- atonal
- Impressionism
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Ives – Programmatic Work for chamber orchestra – (1908)
- layered texture
- dissonance vs. consonance
- tonal vs. atonal
- symbolism
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Schoenberg – Song cycle for voice and chamber – (1912)
- atonality
- sprechstimme
- expressionism
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Stravinsky – Ballet – (1913)
- primitivism
- polytonality
- pentatonic melodies (simple)
- mega orchestra
- metrical irregularity
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Joplin – Ragtime – (1899)
- syncopation
- sectional form
- compound melodies
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Johnson – Downhome Blues – (1936)
- 12-bar form
- blue notes
- lyrical content: blue, sad
- symbolism
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Ellington – Big Band Jazz – (1940)
- big-band insturmentation
- swing rhythms
- 32-bar song (AABA)
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Parker – Bebop Jazz – (1946)
- virtuosity
- jazz combo instrumentation
- improvisation
- soloist vs. rhythm section
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Piano Study in Mixed Accents |
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Ruth Crawford – Solo piano music – (1930)
- atonality
- register as a structure
- modernism
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Concertino for Harp and Orchestra |
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Tailleferre – Neoclassicism – (1927)
- periodic phrase structure
- transparency
- rondo form
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William Still – Art Song – (1949)
- blues inflections
- chromatic harmony (dissonance)
- through-composed piece
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Copland – Ballet – (1942)
- popular modernist
- traditional folk tunes
- open orchestration
- rondo form
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Bartok – Concerto – (1943)
- symmectrical form
- folk melodies
- orchestration virtuosity
- pairs of instruments
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Bernstein – Musical – (1957)
- additive form
- contrasting meanings
- polyphony
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Cage – Aleatory Music – (1959)
- aleatory music
- musique concrete
- electronic music
- experimental
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Knee Play 1: Einstein on the Beach |
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Glass – Opera – (1976)
- drama without a plot
- variation form
- ostinato
- minimalism
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Chuck Berry – RocknRoll – (1957)
- Shuffle rhythm
- guitar solos
- 12-bar blues form
- stop timing
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Beach Boys – Psychedelia – (1966)
- Composition in the studio
- psychedelic timbres
- themlin
- verse-chorus / sectional form
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Leon – Music for percussion ensemble – (1986)
- tonal vs. atonal
- percussion
- Nationalism
- Post-modernism
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Tan Dun – Film Music – (2000)
- mix of western and eastern styles
- pentatonic melodies
- symbolism (man and a woman)
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- rules that govern the composition of multiple melodies
- note-against-note
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- ABA
- idea is shown, contrasted, and returned
- Ex:
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English version of a sacred choral work
meant to be sung in church
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- type of counterpoint where one voice presents a theme and other voices imitate it
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each new section of text gets its own melodic idea |
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