Haydn
1752-1809 Austrian, Vienna (boys choir)
classical
Esterhazy family
string quartet: wrote 68
operas,symph,sonatas
variety w/in unity
false recap
ex) rondo: ABACABADA + coda
ex) minuet+trio; presto
Esterhazy Family
Hungary
best instrumentalists, exposure, cant publish
Mozart
1756-1791 Austrian, Vienna
classical
Piano concerto, opera, symphony
all genres classic music
genius, toured Europe w/fam, breaks rules, make on his own
ex)don giovanni
ex)andante,allegro molto
Beethoven
1770-1827 German
symphony
all genres
romantic, changed orch, instrum, length
cresendo,themes loud/quiet,dramatic use of classic structure,sudden key change
early,middle,late years
-early:keyboard/chamber, then larger forms, melancholy(deaf)
–heroic:concentration, prolific, very long
–late:piano sonatas,9th symp(solos+choir),string q. very rich.
ex)symp no. 5 and 9
Johann Wolfang von Goethe
German writer, romantic, Faust
Schubert
1797-1828 Vienna
romantic
voice,piano,chamber music
smaller pieces (miniatures), wrote 900 works-600 songs, song cycles, operas, symph,string q
ex) death and maiden
Chopin
1810-1849 Polish, Paris
romantic
1st of great piano virtuosos
all comps written for solo piano, no prog music
miniatures: accessible, simple
major, constant beat
dances,free forms w/o dance rhythms
ex)prelude, waltz
Schumann
1810-1856 German
romantic
literary
piano, symp, chamber
miniatures
quartet,lieder,symphony,piano
pianist
minor, thick texture, no constant beat, dense harmony
ex)traumerei
Paganini
1782-1840
romantic
virtaosos
violin, writes for self, fast seq
Liszt
1811-1886 Hungarian
romantic
one of most avant-garde composers:ignored rules
work is very difficult to play
virtaosos
lover,piano, wrote for all
transcription
uses every note
piano music,symph
ex)transcendtal etude
Berlioz
1802-1869 French
romantic symphony
wrote what he wanted,emo, large large orch
ex)symphonie fantastique–best known work- idee fixe(recurrent theme)
Smetana
1824-1884
romantic symphony
symph tone poem: geography: Moldeau- river in Czech
Brahms
1833-1897 Vienna
romantic symphony
symph,concerto,quartets
harmony,chord,all instrum @ once
schumann,beethoven,bach
classic,baroque forms
ex)Passacaglia
ex) symp no. 4
Mahler
1860-1911 Vienna,Austria
late romantic symphony
biggest conductor in Vienna
large orch (esp brass)
disson chords, diff keys, transitional, relig
ex) Resurrection
ex) Urlicht- symp No. 2
Verdi
Italian
romantic opera
wrote 28- Otello, melodrama, natlism
Puccini
1858-1925 Italian
romantic opera
verismo-earth of people(ordinary)
ex)madame butterfly
Wagner
1813-1883 Germany
romantic opera
music drama
Gesantkunstwerk, liet motive
ex)liebestod- tristan+isolde
Debussy
1862-1918
20th: impressionism
prelude to afternoon-poetry by mallarme
Mallarme
poet: prelude to afternoon
Stravinsky
1882-1971 Paris
20th: primitivism, neoclass
ballet russes, polytonality
ex)rite of spring
ex) dumarton oaks (off key)
ex)le sacre du printemps
Diaghilev
ballet russes, stravinsky
Nijinksy
dancer, ballet russes
Schoenberg
1874-1951 Vienna, Germany, Calif
expressionism: atonal
composition, small audiences
ex) madonna, sorchstimme
Berg
18 -1935
serialism
Wozzeck-most pop opera
most pop serial opera composer
Webern
18 -1945
serialism
constant beat, rand notes
Bartok
18 -1945 Hungary
ethonomusicology: studied others, uses in his piece
ex)string quartet
Shostakovich
1906-1975 Sov Union
sov realism
ex)Lady Macbeth, 5th symphony
Penderecki
1933- Polish
avant-garde style, tone clusters, graphic notation
Copland
1900-1990 Paris, U.S
tonal
Nadia
Boulanger
French, taught to have own voice
Reich
1936 U.S
minimalism; guitar, bass
phasing
ex) diff. trains
Steiner
Gershwin
Bernstein
Williams
classical era: classical symphony
form: sonata,decapo,min+trio,rondo
orch
fast n serious, slow n lyrical, graceful, fast and lively
Mannheim, Stamitz
violin,violla,cello,bass(string quartet)
came from opera: instrum part
classical era: string quartet
violin(2),violla,cello,bass
classical era: sonata form
“1st movement”, expos,develop,recap; listen to beginn-most impo
expos:AB(1st,2nd keys), cadence, repeat
dev:variety
recap:AB(1st key)
coda
classical era: aria form
ABA slow-fast-slow
classical era: minuet and trio form
ternary form: AABB CCDD AABB(or AB)
min trio min
contrast in trio
classical era: rondo form
fast, scatero, catchy tune
A=refrain B=episode
ex) ABACABADA coda
classical era: rondo: refrain, epidisodes
classical era: theme and variations
melody(homo,poly,maj,min)
bass line
chord progression
classical era: theme and var: theme: melody, bass line, or chord progression; Passacaglia
passagalia–chord homo
Romanticism: the sublime
nature,emo, grandeur, awe
subjective,personal
Romanticism: heiligenstadt testament
beethoven 1802: 1st time ack going deaf, most prolific time (mid yrs)
Romanticism: metronome
standardized set of beats- tell exactly how played
posterity
Romanticism: lied/lieder
romantic:miniatures
mult verses text
Schubert
voice: smaller, clear
3 categ: simple strop,mod strop,through
Romanticism: lied/lieder: strophic/modified strophic/through composed form
strophic: use same music for ea stanza
mod: at end
through: diff for ea stanza
Romanticism: lied/lieder: song cycle
multiple lieder, series of songs, all work together
Romanticism: lied/lieder: schubertiade
Romanticism: piano miniature
single movements: prelude,dance,nocturne
romantic song: voice+piano, song mirrors text
Romanticism: piano minature: nocturne
moody, introspective
Romanticism: rubato
decide own tempo
keeps tempo going in accomp while melody slows down and catches up
Romanticism: virtuoso
long pieces, complex, solo instrum, travelers
Romanticism: program music
prog,titles,narrative= gateway for listener, from there-subjective
Romanticism: program music: idee fixe
each movement has own melody line
romantic symphony
Romanticism: program music: tone poem
have theme
ex)geography for Moldeau
Romanticism: nationalism
post napolean, countries unifying
Romanticism: absolute music
why limit piece
Romanticism: conductor
Romanticism: Passacaglia
Brahms, theme and var: theme: set of 8 chords–chordal homo
Romanticism: ochestration
manip orch sounds
Romanticism: transcription
Liszt, rearrange work from diff genres
Opera: aria
ABA’ slow-fast-slow
Opera:recitative
Opera: libretto
Opera: overture
beginning, instrumental, set mood, fast-slow-fast, sinfonia
Opera: opera buffa
comic plot, bass roles, smaller
change from baroque
ex) don giovanni-mozart
Opera: verismo
realism, puccini, focus o earth of people (ordinary, poor)
Opera: Gesamtkunstwek / music drama
wagner, music drama, must be about where person from, must write libretto, must conduct,direct
Opera: Leitmotiv
wagner, every character has theme
Opera: Bayreuth
theater, 1st with elec lighting
20th Century Composition: Impressionism
20th cent Paris, nothing explicit
no triad chord–no maj/min, fuzzy rhythm
small forces,dance,new harmony
20th Century Composition: Impressionism: Whole tone scale, Penatonic scale, Symbolist Poetry
whole tone: less notes, like wandering
penatonic: 5 notes
20th Century Composition: Primitivism
violence, basic, instinctual, all rhythm based
20th Century Composition: Primitivism: Ballet Russes, Polytonality
polytonality: no tonic, Stravinsky
20th Century Composition: Neo-classicism
b4 romanticism, WW1-mistrust prev gen, no natlist
mech,classical,symm,Bach,Mozart+twist
20th Century Composition: Expressionism
atonal, Schoenberg
20th Century Composition: Expressionism: Atonality, Sprechstimme
Atonal: every pitch played same,lacks structure,rand sound,disson
sprechstimme:every piece diff
20th Century Composition: Serialism
twelve tone: based on 12 pitches in particular order to create melody line
20th Century Composition: Ethnomusicology
study others, use their melody,rhythm,chords
ex)Bartok
20th Century Composition: Soviet Realism
b4 WW2, Stalin, pol.purpose
Shostakovich
20th Century Composition: Postmodernism
20th Century Composition: Minimalism
Reich
20th Century Composition: Minimalism: Speech Melody, Phasing
speech mel: string quartet plays what governess says
phasing: 2 part start together, shift, come together

Film Music: musical underscoring

Film Music: diegetic music/ source music
Film Music: non-diegetic music
classical era (musical)
1750-1800
bal,proport,clarity,accessibility
easy on ear
melody+accomp
bal phrases, simple harmony, light accomp (walking bass)
ruled by convention
genres: opera,symp,string quart,sonata
masters: haydn, mozart
classical era (historical)
Hapsburg empire-Vienna (music center)
enlightened monarch (reason), death Louis XIV, Fr Revol, mid class-publ concert,
classical era (musical genres)
opera:attack on baroque, comic opera-simple music, norm character
symp: most impo, strings,woodwind,trumpets/drums(sometimes)
chamber:string quart (same 4 movement pattern), sonata (keyboard/keyb+1)
also concertos
new genres: piano concerto, comic opera, string quartet
classical era (musical forms)
sonata,aria,min+trio,rondo
romantic era (musical)
1800-1900
orch larger, change dynamics, tempo-long,slow,changes, long melody “yearning”, loose form, prog music, extremes:massive/mini, symph poem
brilliant indiv performers ruled stage
romantic era (historical)
change, indus revol(inc std of living), vs. rational, want emo, faith, god, nature, natlism (fr revol), public music, indiv
romantic era (musical genres)
opera, symp,
song, requiem mass (voice for both)
concerto, string q, symph poem, mixed genres.
fave instrum: piano,violin
symph poem, symph
romantic era (musical forms)
20th century (historical)
Paris, tech, suffering, ww2, GD
modernism: self-consc innov
experimentation
impressionism, primitivism,neoclassicsm,expressionism,serialism,sov russia,postmod,minimalism

20th century (musical)
3 periods:early(modernism), mid(serialism),late(postmod)
mod:debussy,strav,schoen
serial:schoen replc sys
postmod:variety influ, return to melody,conson,tonality
tonality replaced,nontrad scales,elec instrum,question all aspects, pop music blended w/classical style