| Jazz evolved during the _____ century. |
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| The beginnings of jazz occurred: |
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| Where is the geographical birthplace of jazz? |
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| When jazz was just beginning, what was it called? |
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| List the three major musical sources for early jazz. |
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| blues, ragtime and popular song |
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| Apart from European influence, what other cultures influenced early jazz? |
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| African, French, Spanish and Caribbean |
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| From about 1917 on, what other cities had an active jazz scene? |
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| Chicago, NYC, LA, London and Paris |
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| Jazz evolved with a specific attachment to: |
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| 20th century technology (recordings, radio, TV) |
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| What technology brought musical styles and musicians to the attention of vast numbers of listeners and other musicians? |
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| Musicians were able to study and mimic the great performers because of: |
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| This technology became the dominant medium during the 1950s: |
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| In what year and by whom were the first, human voice recordings made? |
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| What is the title of the first jazz recording? |
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| Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1917) |
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| What Louis Armstrong recording is vital to the history of early jazz? |
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| What recording technology was available before the 1950s and what were the characteristics of this medium? |
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| 78 rpm vinyl, monaural with a 3 minute limit per side. The sound was “flat” and the tone was tinny. Bass and drums were rarely heard until the 1930s. |
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| In the 1950s, what new recording technology was developed and what were its characteristics? |
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| 33 1/3 rpm LPs (Long Playing), 20 minutes of music per side. Mid-range and bass frequencies produced a warmer, fuller tone. |
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| What new recording technology in 1958 created a giant leap toward virtual reality for the listener? |
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| Stereo recording using at least two microphones and at least two speakers for playback. Recorded music now has depth perception and a sense of placement. |
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| What new recording technologies emerged in the 1980s? |
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| CDs (compact disc) and MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) |
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| What were the social characteristics of early jazz bands? |
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| They were segregated by race and gender. Most bands were all male bands. |
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| Who was the first to break the race barrier in jazz? In what year and under what circumstances did it occur? |
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| In 1936, Benny Goodman breaks the racial barrier by hiring Lionel Hampton, Teddy Wilson and Charlie Christian to play a Carnegie Hall concert. |
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| What constitutional action profoundly changed the lives of jazz musicians on the road? |
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| The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment. |
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| Who was the first “giant” of jazz (name, dates, style, instrument and contributions). |
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Louis Armstrong
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(1901-1971)
Dixieland
Trumpet and Vocal
virtuoso soloist art form
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| Who was the second “giant” of jazz (name, dates, style, instrument and contributions). |
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Duke Ellington
(1899-1974)
Swing Era and beyond
Band Leader and Pianist
first great composer of jazz music
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| Who was the third “giant” of jazz (name, dates, style, instrument and contributions). |
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Charlie Parker
(1920-1955)
Be-bop
Alto Sax and Composer
- modernized jazz soloing with a newer, “hipper” rhythmic style
- expanded harmonic vocabulary
- elevated technical standards
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| Who was the fourth “giant” of jazz (name, dates, style, instrument and contributions). |
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Miles Davis
(1926-1991)
Musical Diversity (Be-Bop, Cool, 3rd Stream, modal, fusion, funk)
Trumpet, Band Leader, Composer
- the visionary of jazz history
- pioneered evolving music after Be-bop
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| Who was the fifth “giant” of jazz (name, dates, style, instrument and contributions). |
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John Coltrane
(1926-1967)
Spiritualist of Jazz
Tenor Sax and Soprano Sax
Composer and Band Leader
- redefined and spiritualized jazz
- most influential soloist of the second half of the 20th century
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| What time period constitutes the Dixieland jazz era? |
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| Who are the major musicians of the Dixieland era (4)? |
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Louis Armstrong
“Jelly Roll” Morton
Sidney Bechet
Bix Beiderbecke
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| What are the major characteristics of Dixieland jazz? |
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- blues, rags and marches
- collective improvisation
- soloist established as an artist
- stride piano style established
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| What time period constitutes the Swing Era? |
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| Who are the major musicians of the Swing Era (9)? |
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Duke Ellington
Count Basie
Fletcher Henderson
Jimmy Lunceford
Glenn Miller
Benny Goodman
Tommy Dorsey
Artie Shaw
Claude Thornhill
(and many others)
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| What are the major characteristics of the Swing Era? |
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- Big bands are the “kings of swing”
- much competition and variety
- only time a form of jazz is the popular music of the USA
- “American Popular Song” forms (AABA/32 bar variations)
- composers and arrangers important
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| What period constitutes the Be-bop era? |
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| Who are the major musicians of the Be-bop era (5)? |
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Charlie Parker
Dizzy Gillespie
Thelonius Monk
Bud Powell
Art Tatum
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| What are the major characteristics of the Be-bop era? |
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- Redefining of soloist art forms
- More modern “hip”
- higher technical standards
- solos based on chord progressions
- smaller groups than the swing era
- AABA, blues forms (and others)
- not popular music
- Latin influence
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| What period constitutes the first era of expanding diversity in jazz? |
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| Who are the major musicians of the diversity era? |
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Sonny Rollins
Clifford Brown
Miles Davis
George Russell
David Brubeck
Ahmad Jamal
Thelonius Monk
Charles Mingus
Lennie Tristano
Wes Montgomery
Gil Evans
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| What are the major characteristics of the diversity era? |
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- evolving styles
- traditionalists and innovators
- electronic technology beginning (electric guitar, Hammond B-3 organ)
- TV and Rock & Rol change US and world culture
- Jazz established as an art music
- stereo
- LP recordings
- Columbia, Verve, Blue Note studios
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| What jazz styles are associated with the diversity era (5)? |
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Hard bop
Cool jazz
Funky
3rd Stream
Eclecticism
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| What period constitutes the era of continuing traditions and expanding diversity? |
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| Which musicians feature prominently in the era of continuing traditions and expanding diversity? |
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Miles Davis Quintet
John Coltrane Quartet
Ornette Coleman
Thad Jones & Mel Lewis
McCoy Tyner
Bill Evans
Chick Corea
Herbie Hancock
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| What are the major characteristics of the period of continuing traditions and expanding diversity? |
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- very experimental decade
- musicians are exploring limits (free jazz)
- expanding harmonic language
- electronic technology evolves
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| What period constitutes the era of fusion and funk? |
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| Who are the six major musicians of the fusion and funk era and what album exemplifies the style of the period? |
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Miles Davis Bitches Brew
Chick Corea Return to Forever
John McLaughlin Mahavishnu
Herbie Hancock Headhunters
Zawinul & Shorter Weather Report
Joe Henderson – tenor sax
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| What are the major characteristics of the fusion and funk era? |
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- Jazz/Rock becomes Fusion and Funk
- Technology and traditionalists evolve
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| What musicians exemplify the continuing traditions of the 1980s and 1990s? |
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Keith Jarrett Trio – “The Standards” redefined
Wynton Marsalis – “Neoclassical” Jazz
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| What musicians exemplify the expanding diversity of the 1980s and 1990s? |
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Eddie Palmieri
Mario Bauza
Gonzalo Rubalcaba
Danillo Perez
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| What styles are associated with the expanding diversity of the 1980s and 1990s? |
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| What cultures primarily influence jazz rhythms, textures and traditions in the period of expanding diversity in the 1980s and 1990s? |
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| Who are the current practitioners of jazz? |
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Kenny Garrett
Roy Hargrove
Conrad Herwig
Dave Holland
Joe Lovano
Steve Turre
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| Who are some of the current composers of jazz? |
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Maria Schneider
Bob Brookmeyer
Clare Fischer
Kenny Wheeler
Bill Dobbins
Jim McNeely
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| Who are the current elder statesmen of jazz? |
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James Moody
Clark Terry
Bob Brookmeyer
John McLaughlin
Charlie Haden
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