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| sound level decreases -6.02dB for every doubling of distance from source |
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| contains NO physical barriers |
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| Noise can be caused from which three areas? |
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| Source, system, & environment |
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| produce harmonics on a vibrating string |
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| movement of particles in a medium from a state of equilibrium |
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| change in speed of sound when encountering mediums of differing densities |
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| change in direction of sound when encountering boundaries |
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| property of mass to stay in motion or at rest until acted upon by external forces (newton’s 1st law of motion) |
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| resting state; zero state |
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| fundamental form of all complex waveforms; pure tone w/ all energy concentrated at one freq. |
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| freq. that are whole number multiples above a fundamental freq. (musically pleasing) |
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| freq. that have a mathematical relationship to a fundamental tone (naturally resonating freq.) |
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| random particle displacement with no periodic content |
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| any change to a signal from an input stage to an output stage through a system or device |
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| any change in amplitude of harmonic content |
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| any distortion of a waveform usually resulting in a square wave at the extreme |
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| the ability of one signal to cover another |
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| summation of waves occupying same space and time |
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| constructive interference |
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| positive reinforcement when waves interact (amplitude increase) |
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| negative reinforcement when waves interact (phase cancellation) |
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| periodic changes in amplitude when two freq. are close in value |
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| wave pattern representing the effect of interference of waves in a medium; not a ‘true’ wave |
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| area of minimum displacement in a standing wave |
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| area of maximum displacement in a standing wave |
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| waves from a direct sound that encounters a bondary |
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| any area containing sound waves |
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| immediate area surrounding direct sound |
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| area where direct sound and reflections interact |
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| for every doubling of distance from source there is a decrease of -6dB |
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| area of a sound field where inverse square law applies |
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pinna
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concha
auditory canal (ear canal)
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
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| middle ear (tympanic cavity) |
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| air filled cavity that contains the smallest bones and muscles of the human body |
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| malleus, incus, ; stapes; the small bone chain of the middle ear |
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| small tube connected to the throat that maintains equal pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
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| three fluid filled canals responsible for our sense of balance ; equilibrium on various axes |
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| bundles of hair cells that sit atop nerve fibers |
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| level of discernible difference in human hearing |
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| level of noticeable discomfort or pain (200,000,000 x 10 (-6) pascals) |
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| amount of displacement from zero point (level or voltage) |
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| length of one complete cycle of a wave |
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| small membrane of the cochlea |
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| responds to the pressure changes |
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| small muscle ; tendon attached to the malleus that protects the auditory system from excessive sound energy |
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| the movement of the stapes against the oval window of the inner ear transfers acoustic energy from air to fluid |
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| connected to the ear drum and transmit vibrational content it received from the ear drum to the incus through mechanical action |
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| ability of the auditory system to discern and localize events within a complex sound field (such as a busy restaurant) |
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| any harmonic above a fundamental whether constant or dissonant; |
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| number of complete cycles per second (hertz) |
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| simple harmonic oscillator |
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| any object with periodic vibrating or motion |
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| periodic motion about a point of equilibrium |
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| any amplitude changes greater than maximum level |
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| area of sound field where reflections tend to have a greater amplitude than the direct sound; loss of intelligibility; |
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| perceived localization of sound when direct sound and short reflections are combined in the ear |
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| wave and angle of approach from direct sound |
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| natural vibrational freq. of an object or environment; freq. that occurs at an antinode |
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| intersecting wavs producing a vector sum of particle displacement; |
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| audible ranges of speech, music, and overall sound |
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| displays the changes in sensitivity of human hearing to freq. across the audible range |
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| quality of sound dependent on harmonic content |
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| allows the analysis of freq., harmonic content, amplitude and phase of complex waveforms |
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| time and phase angle relationship of interacting waves |
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| area of a pressure wave where particles are most diffuse or spread apart as wave propagates; |
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| wave motion consisting of compressions and rarefactions; |
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| decrease in amplitude from internal and external resistive forces |
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| auditory filters that allow us to discern individual freq. in complex waveforms |
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| serves as a base for auditory sensory cells |
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| once set into motion by the malleus it transmits vibrational energy to stapes; |
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| series of harmonically related peaks and nulls across the audio spectrum |
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| modulating band pass filter |
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| produce overtones across a stretched surface |
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