| Why might Isms be a useful way to think about the cultural past? |
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| Provides relevant context with corresponding content without bias of “great works”, or “great men” |
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| 20th Century approximate time period. Why? |
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| Wagner Tristan y Isolde Prelude (1857) |
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| What is modernism’s goal? |
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| The self-conscious avoidance of the ‘ways of the past’; Make it new |
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| What perspectives does modernism yield? |
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| Sequence of historically self-conscious aesthetic movements |
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| Root of musical romanticism |
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| French “Roman” for story/narrative |
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| “trangressed rules and limits, and expressed the richness of natural and insatiable longing.” |
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| Bonds definition of Romanticism |
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| Will seek individual paths for expressing intense emotions, such as melancholy, yearning, or joy. |
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| Symphony #3 (Slow movement) |
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| “The Wanderer in the Clouds” |
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| Romantic painting by Caspar David Friedrich |
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| Portrait of Beethoven (1804-05) |
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| Romantic Painting of Beethoven |
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| Beethoven (composers of 19th century) compared to what/who? |
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| Promethius; Gift from the gods |
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| Symphony #3 Eroica was dedicated to what “great man”? |
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| What term best describes Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Goethe’s Faust genre? |
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| “I am heartily sick of the term ‘romantic,’ though I have not spoken it ten times in my entire life.“ |
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Franz Shubert (1797-1828)
Hector Berlioz (1803-69)
Felix Mendelssohn (1809-47)
Franz Liszt (1811-86) |
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| Overture to a Midsummer Night’s Dream |
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| “Cannons buried in flowers” by Schumann refers to which composer? |
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| What factors drive the rise in middle class, public concerts, and the virtuoso? |
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Cheap sheet music
accessible music
free time
hard music sounds impressive and draws audiences (Liszt) |
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| Influenced concert attitude and attire |
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| Nocturne in E minor (1821) |
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| Claude Debussy (1862-1918) |
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| Duex Reveries Nocturnes #1 (1919) |
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| Music for a Summer Evening: “Nocturnal Sounds” (1974) |
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| Progress in Industrial Revolution |
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Transportation
Communication
Agricultural Technology
Medicine
Domestic Science
Migration
Urbanization
Colonization
Factory Life
Middle Class musical experience and value |
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| Prelude to the Afternoon of the Faun |
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| Ionization for 13 Instruments |
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| Symphony #4 in E minor Mov. 4 |
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| Symphony #1 in D Major Mov. III (“Titan”) |
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| Sonatina in Transylvania: Bagpipes |
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| In the Steppes of Central Asia |
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| Court dances added to Italian operas when exported to France |
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| What were the centers of ballet’s development? |
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Paris, France
St. Petersburg, Russia |
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| Was ballet music typically more conservative or experimental? |
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| “The Age of the Tone Poet” |
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| Artists creating poetry with notes rather than words (Beethoven) |
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| Cui, Borodin, Balakirev, Rimsky, Mussorgsky |
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| Noise Instrument invented by Luigi Russolo |
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| Cocteau caricature of Stravinsky |
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| What happens in arts scene in which artists, designers, composers, dancers, and writers are all experimenting and talking together? |
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| Wanda Landowska (1879-1959) |
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| Harpsichord virtuoso and enthusiast |
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| What is the meaning or intention of “authenticity” in historical performance? |
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| Composers original idea or vision |
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| The philosophical outlook based on the premise that objects are a reflection of ideas in the mind was called what? |
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| According to the Primary Evidence Box “The Perceived Superiority of Instrumental Music”, which piece of music struck Ludwig Tieck as ‘‘the poetic repetition of the drama”? |
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| Reichardt’s Overture to Macbeth |
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| E.T.A Hoffman’s List of “Romantic composers” |
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| Who wrote that instrumental music was “the most romantic of all the arts…for its sole subject is the infinite”? |
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| During the 19th century, did the social status of composers rise or fall? |
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| Which composer was described in 1848 as “sitting at the piano like a dreamy clairvoyant”? |
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| Were 19th century composers more, or less, likely to incorporate autobiographical elements in their music? |
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| The mid-19th century movement to embrace the forms and styles of earlier music is termed what? |
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| In the 19th century, artists and critics were interested in which following ideas? |
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| Newness and differentness |
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| According to the Primary Evidence Box “Listz on the superiority of program music”, which composer was Franz Liszt referring to when he said, “In program music…the recurrence, variation, and modification of motifs are determined by their relationship to a poetic idea”? |
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| According to the Primary Evidence Box “Superiority of Absolute Music”, who said “Music is a language that we speak and understand yet are incapable of translating”? |
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| According to the American critic James Huneker, was it possible for music to escape “the meddlesome hand of the censor”? |
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| Did nationalist composers sometimes use folk music from places other than their homelands as an “exotic flavor”? |
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| In the Verdi citation quoted in “The Growing Division Between Art and Popular Music”, of which of his operas is Verdi speaking when he says “When the number was finished they broke out into the noisiest applause I have ever heard”? |
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| Is the musical activity depicted in the illustration captioned “The expansion of musical literarcy” more likely a setting for “concert” music or “participatory” music? |
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| Did the expansion of music’s availability in the 19th century continue or cease with the 20th-century invention of recording technology? |
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| Over the course of the 19th century, do harmonies become more chromatic or more diatonic? |
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| Over the course of the 19th century, do the contributions of a conductor become more necessary or less necessary? |
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| In the discussion “Music in the 19th Century: A Stylistic Overview,”which critic is quoted as saying that Beethoven’s Fifth is like a “beautiful tree”? |
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| Did musical critics of the classical era consider instrumental or vocal music more inferior? |
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| 19th century composers were viewed as what to the public? |
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| Revelation of the divine through art |
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| Did composers of the 19th century commonly recycle or reference well-known earlier composers such as Mozart or Beethoven? |
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| Were “new” and “old” works commonly incorporated into one program? |
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| Music cut off from the larger world of words and ideas; separate or music for the sake of music |
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| Progressives VS. Conservatives |
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| Programmatic music VS. absolute music |
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| Art music VS. popular music |
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| Music through enlightenment (spiritual) VS. music for entertainment |
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| Published music became more or less technically demanding? |
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| What public musical genre increased in the first half of the 19th century? |
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| Why was there a need for larger concert halls? What else did this cause? |
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Larger audiences
New developments on instruments for more volume; trombone and flute added |
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| Which theorist wrote that the symphony has “as its goal like the chorus, the expression of a sentiment of an entire multitude”? |
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| Which critic wrote that the symphony “a story, developed within a psychological context, of some particular emotional state of a large body of people”? |
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| Which composer distinguished between Beethoven’s chamber works to which “Beethoven makes music” and his symphonies to which “the entire world makes music through him”? |
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| How many symphonies did Beethoven write? |
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| military form in duple meter characterized by a strong, repetitive beat to keep soldiers in orderly formation |
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| Italian term for “joke”; associated with a courtly dance |
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| Passage that begins like a fugue but doesn’t sustain itself after a series of initial entries |
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| 4 notable 19th century symphony composers |
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Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
Robert Schumann (1810-1856)
Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1854)
Ludwig Spohr (1784-1859) |
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(1800-1854)
Irish actress whom Berlioz fell in love with as well as his inspiration for the idee fixe in Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique |
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| Concert overture emerged from opera as what? |
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| A work of instrumental music in a single movement connected with a known plot |
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| Did concert overtures become more or less dramatic? |
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| Typical form of a concerto |
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| According to the Primary Evidence Box, which two composers did Bernard Shaw cite in his (ironic) discussion of the advantages of opera over drama? |
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| Is a Wagnerian leitmotiv fixed or can it be altered? |
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| What did Wagner mean when he referred to onstage action as ‘’deeds of music made visible’’? |
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| Onstage action should reflect shape of the music |
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| What prevented Weber from following up on the early success of his 1821 German singspiel Der Freischutz? |
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| Did any other 19th century opera composers use musical materials in a similar fashion to the Wagnerian leitmotiv? |
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| What is the basis for the story of Tristan und Isolde? |
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| Composers of which nationalities dominated pre-19th century opera? |
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| In what *two* countries were Gilbert & Sullivan’s operettas especially popular? |
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| Music of what composer was the principal influence upon composers who were members of the Caecilian movement? |
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| Music of what century was the principal influence upon composers who were members of the Caecilian movement? |
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| Did operetta use all-sung libretti? |
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| Do Gilbert & Sullivan’s operettas sometimes include parody? |
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| Who was Sir Arthur Sullivan’s principle collaborator in the genre of operetta? |
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| In what country were Offenbach’s operettas most popular? |
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| In typical 19th century dance music, are the melodies built on symmetrical or asymmetrical units? |
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| Which nation was the most important source of ballet innovations? |
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| Which family of composers was especially strongly linked with the Viennese waltz? |
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| Since approximately what date has ballet played a role in opera? |
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| Who is the author of the original story “The Nutcracker”? |
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| Who coined the term Symphonische Dichtung? |
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| What is the most prevalent programmatic source for Liszt’s symphonic poems? |
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| Does the 1889 symphonic poem Don Juan use percussion? |
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| Who is the composer of 1889’s symphonic poem Don Juan? |
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| How many symphonies did Brahms write? |
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| In the late 19th century, which composer is best known for embracing the traditional symphonic heritage of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and other Viennese composers? |
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| Of which composer was Brahms speaking when he said “you have no idea how it feels…when one always hears such a giant marching along behind”? |
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| which young composer was Robert Schumann speaking when he said “If he lowers his magic staff where the massed forces of chorus and orchestra give their powers, then we shall yet have even more wondrous glimpses into the secrets of the spiritual world”? |
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| Which genres were the primary focus of Mahler’s compositional output? |
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| What was Mahler’s principle source of income for much of his career? |
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| What is the basis for the finale of Brahms’s Fourth Symphony? |
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| Which genres are discussed as being most extensively explored by German composers? |
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| Symphony and symphonic poem |
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| Were Bohemian composers more likely or less likely to incorporate nationalist, folklore, or indigenous works in their orchestral works? |
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| Which non-French composer is cited as a strong influence on d’Indy and Chausson? |
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| What is the principle genre for most of the cited Italian composers? |
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| What genre is cited as the principle genre of Gilbert and Sullivan’s collaboration? |
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| What type of piece composed by John Field is cited as particularly influential upon Chopin? |
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| Which two American composers are cited principally as composers of songs? |
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| Works for which two instruments are cited most frequently in the discussion of Spanish composers? |
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| According to the chart ‘‘Milestones of Sound Recording’”, in what year was the 33 1/3 rpm long-playing record introduced? |
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| In the illustration captioned “The technology of early sound recording”, what sort of device is being used to emphasize the sound of the solo cello? |
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| Acoustical horn (“megaphone”) |
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| According to the chart ‘‘Milestones of Sound Recording”, what is the most significant event in this area in the 1990s? |
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| Which 20th-century musician said “All art of the past must be destroyed”? |
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| According to the Primary Evidence Box titled “Literary Modernism: The Stream of Consciousness”, in the quoted passage from Joyce’s Ulysses, who sings “When first I saw that form endearing”? |
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| What was a factor in the 19th-century growth of music production and consumption? |
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| More church sponsorship of music |
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| According to the Primary Evidence Box “Music and the State”, which 19th-century European composer said “Art, as such, does not ‘pay,’ to use an American expression…and…art that has to pay its own way is apt to become vitiated and cheap”? |
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| What was a factor in the 19th-century expansion of public involvement in music? |
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| Invention of music printing |
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| In the 19th century, were romanticism and nationalism more likely to be linked or kept separate? |
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| What is typically true of the Romantic outlook? |
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| Interested in the social and political aspirations of the minority |
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| Did Darwin’s theory of evolution have an influence in the realm of politics? |
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| Who was the economist and philosopher whose phrase “the survival of the fittest” was based in Darwin’s evolutionary biological theory? |
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| Which two nations’ populations expanded the most between 1800-1900? |
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| United States and European Russia |
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| In what year was the phonograph invented? |
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| In which two countries, formerly broken into small independent states, did the Revolutions of mid-century catalyze movement toward national unification? |
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| Who was the general and emperor who was defeated at Waterloo in 1815 and in whose aftermath the boundaries of the Continent were redrawn? |
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| In what year(s) did revolutionary uprisings break out in many central European states? |
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| Were the first films with sound released before or after first commercial radio station opened? |
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| In terms of global politics, what was America’s reason for becoming involved in the Korean and Vietnam wars? |
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| Limit the spread of the global spread of communism |
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| Was the stylistic tendency in 20th-century music for composers’ styles to become more or less similar? |
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| In the 1920s, did economics affect political stability more or less than in the 1910s? |
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| Time/Place/Circumstance/Ideas that shape changes in style |
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| A suffix attached to an adjective to create a noun |
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Exposition
Development
Recapitulation |
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| Make it “new”; unique is good and past is unoriginal |
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| Musical preference style is… |
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| Wagner used what as a tool to portray/convey subconscious? |
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| Characteristics of Romanticism |
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Individuality
Autobiographical
Subjectivity |
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| What SHMRG characteristics of Wagner’s Prelude show unpredictablity? |
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Irregular Tempo
Deceptive Cadences
Different phrase lengths |
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| Which figure bargained something precious for knowledge/wealth? |
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| Which mythic figure combines the ideas behind Faust and Adam & Eve? |
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| Why is the Erlkonig by Shubert an example of early romanticism? |
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| Text imitates folk song; storyline |
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| What does the lyre signify? |
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| Appolo/Orpheus; Accomplished recitation |
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| Did -isms originate/apply to other forms of art before or after music? |
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| Artists/composers borrow eachothers ideas because why? |
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| Stories of supernatural or the horrific |
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| What was/(were) Berlioz primary instrument(s)? |
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| Why did Berlioz choose his specific harmonic structure for the Symphonie Fantastique? |
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| Orchestration possibilities |
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| Weber’s operas are strongly influenced by which composer? |
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| Why is the Erlkonig often cited as exemplory of “romantic aesthetics”? |
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| Formal structure became more or less strict/traditional? |
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| What are the four common techniques of nationalism? |
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Borrowing
Quotation
Imitation
Allusion |
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| Which composer is most associated with the birth of romanticism and the virtuoso? |
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| What are some characteristics of the nocturnal? |
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| Myserious, supernatural, subjective, intuitive, dreams, night, dreams, night, moonar |
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| What two musical elements united to exude unpredictability and chromaticism? |
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| What two musical elements united to exude unpredictability and chromaticism? |
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| Political narrative and propoganda drive what -ism? |
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| Which american-born composer borrowed from his hungarian gypsy background to create virtuosic show pieces? |
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| Unlike the symphony, what is often a forum for compositional experiments? |
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| Music for dancing and marching coincide with which -isms? |
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| Primitivism and Exoticism |
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| Harmony and Form moved toward the importance of which two musical elements? |
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| Neoplasticism originated from form of the arts? |
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| What two elements have to work together in a ballet program? |
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| Utopia; Optimistic/idealistic future outlook |
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| What new communication innovations contributed to musical progress? |
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| Telegraph, Telephone, Radio |
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| In what year was the first paid orchestra founded? |
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| Age of Revolution was driven by what ideology? |
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| What is the relationship between progressive topics and progressive techinques in various media? |
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| Color and instrumentation/narrative and musical sound |
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| Which composer worried the wax cylinder would change how the audience listened to music? |
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| Explored fundamental approaches to music |
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| 2 important impressionist composers |
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Claude Debussy
Maurice Ravel |
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| Form of Impressionist music |
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| flow from one moment to the next, building and receeding in tension without striving to resolution; less emphasis on them and harmony and more on mass of sound |
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| Harmony of impressionist music |
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| less tonal; 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths; non-diatonic scale use |
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| Voice-leading in impressionist music |
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| Individual independent voices; Parallel 4ths, 5ths, and octaves |
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| Rhythm of impressionist music |
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| Fluid; no definite sense of rhythmic meter |
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| Timbre of impressionist music |
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| orchestration distributes thematic ideas |
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| six note scale entirely of whole step intervals |
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| scale of alternating whole and half step intervals |
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| Growing number of composers returned to use of what kind of scales? |
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| Greater or less possibilities of harmonies based on unconventional scales? |
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| chordal harmony based on 4ths rather than thirds |
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| Usually associated with negative connotation; rejection of self-imposed, arbitrary conventions of typical western culture |
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| Broad artistic movement that sought to give voice to unconscious to evoke deep emotion |
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| Expressionism avoids conventional techniques and favors what? |
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| Devices that exaggerate and distort |
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|
Painting by Edvard Munch
Spontaneous reaction to something that caused pain/fear |
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| Albertine Zehme’s collection of 21 Poems were used by which expressionistic composer? |
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| Style of singing reinforcing surreal quality of text music; not quite song or speech |
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Alban Berg Opera
“nobody must be filled with anything except the idea of the opera” |
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| Five Pieces for String Quartet Op. 5 (1905) |
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| Created by Schoenburg; row/series of 12 different pitches to provide a structure of work(s) |
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| use of all 12 chromatic pitches |
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| 4 basic forms of a row/series |
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Prime
Inversion
Retrograde
Retrograde Inversion |
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| 48 possibilities of specific row |
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| Demonstrates manner in which different elements contrast in theme, timbre, harmony, rhythm… on a deeper coherence |
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| scale consisting of six pitches |
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| Alan Howhaness (1911-2000) |
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| rejected atonality; “atonality is against nature…fine for a moment or two but sounds all the same” |
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| Deliberate imitation of an earlier style with contemporary aesthetic |
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| Classical Symphony Op. 5 (1917) |
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|
moving towards something and retracing steps to beginning
Ex: A B C D E D C B A |
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| What genre came with the collaboration of film and sound in 1927? |
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| Style that evokes music of people with optimism |
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| Non-retrogradeable rhythm (palindromic) |
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| the same backwards and forwards |
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| What form of musical drama arose from opera? |
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| Largest vocal genre outside opera |
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| Mathematical application of artistic expressionism by Xenaki |
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| intervals smaller than 1/2 half step in diatonic scale |
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| Hexachord that can be combined with one of the 4 basic forms without duplicating pitches |
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| reverse tonal counterpoint; Consonances resolve by step by Charles Seeger (1866-1979) |
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| Integral Serialism/Total serialism |
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| includes elements of rhythm and or dynamics |
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| Latin term for “die”; writing music by chance (roll the di) |
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| one sided south-indian traditional drum |
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| accompanies mrdangam; two sided hand drum |
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| traditional reed instrument |
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| guitar-like; 19 strings- 6 main pitched, 2 rhythm, 3 resonating |
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| emotion driving art forms in India |
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| Experimentation with colors relating to emotional experience; Red=intensity, white=rationality |
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| non-literal depiction of perspective |
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