Timbre
tone color, distinguishes one instrument or voice from another
Name the Six Instrumental Categories
1. Brass
2. Percussion
3. Woodwins
4. Strings
5. Keyboards
6. Electronic
How did the piano get its name?
piano was originally named for piano-forte which is italian for soft-loud which suggests that it has a wide dynamic range
Name the 4 orchestral categories
bass,cello,violin,viola
pizzicato
performance direction to pluck a string of a bowed instrument with the finger
Vibrato
small fluctuation of pitch used as an expressive device to intensify a sound
World Music of Classification
1.) Membraneophones
2.) aerophones
3.) chordophones
4.) idiophones
Name the 6 Voice Types
1.) Soprano
2.) Mezzo-soprano
3. Alto
4. Tenor
5. Baritone
6. Bass
Electronic Music
musique concrete (earliest type of electronic music); synthesizer, MIDI(interface between synthesizer and computer)
Time
element of time or duration
Beat
regular pulsation, a basic unit of length in a musical time
Tempo
the speed, pace, or rate of the music
(speed of the pulse)
Italian names for tempo (there are 5)
1. adagio
2. andante
3. moderato
4. adagio
5. presto
Accent
the emphasis on a beat resulting in it being louder and longer
Meter
organization of rhythm in time, regular grouping of beats
Duple
two beats per measure (twinkle, twinkle, little star)
Triple
three beats per measure (my country tis of thee (America))
Quadruple
four beats per measure (Battle Hymn of the Republic[Glory glory Hallelujah])
Upbeat
last beat of the measure
Syncopation
an offbeat, a deliberate upsetting of the normal pattern of accentuation
Measure
rhythmic group or metrical unit that contains a fixed number of beats, group of beats
Rhythm
the organization of movement in time
Pitch
highness or lowness of a tone, depending of the frequency
Frequency
number of vibrations per second
The Higher the pitch?
The faster the vibrations
The lower the pitch?
The slower the vibrations
Where is “C” located on the keyboard?
to the left of two top black keys
Melody
horizontal-a coherent succession of single pitches, pitches that add up to a recognizable whole
Melody (cont.)
A melody has a range, contour or shape, with a high point or climax, and phrases which are separated by cadences or resting points
Conjunct
smooth connected melody that moves by small intervals
Disjunct
disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps
Interval
the distance between pitches
Octave
the interval between one “a” and the next “a”, 12 half steps apart
Harmony
(vertical) happens at the same time, movement and relationship between intervals and chords
Triad
most common chord, 3 or more pitches heard at the same time
Consonance
pleasing sounds
Dissonance
clashing sounds
Scale
a series of pitches arranged from low to high or high to low- a set of pitches on which a piece of music is based
Major Scale
a scale consisting of seven different tones that comprise a specific pattern of whole and half steps RAISED HALF A STEP
Minor Scale
LOWERED HALF A STEP
Tonality
key or tonic-central note on which its melody and harmonies are based, the most important note in the piece
Loudness (Volume)
differences are relative and not absolute
Italian terms for volume (6)
pianissimo pp-very soft
piano p -soft
mezzo piano mp- half soft
forte f- loud
fortissimo ff – very loud
mezzo forte- half loud
Crescendo
Gradually louder
Decrescendo
gradually softer
Sforzando
sudden stress or accent on a single note or chord
Monophonic
single line texture or melody without accompaniment
Heterophonic
texture in which two or more voices elaborate the same melody-improvisation found in jazz
Polyphonic
two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture as distinct from monophonic
Homophonic
texture with a principal melody and accompanying harmony, as distinct from polyphony
Homo-rhythmic
texture in which all voices or lines move together in the same rhythm
Form
the structure or design of the music
Key Points of Form
Initial Idea
Exact Repetition
Contrasting Idea
Variation to any part
Return to Idea
Ternary
three part form- A B A
Binary
two-part form- AABB
THEME
melodic idea used in the creation of a composition
Motive
short melodic or rhythmic idea, smallest fragment of a theme
Movement
a separate portion of a larger piece
Call and Response
performance style with a singing leader who is imitated by a chorus of followers