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around 500-1000 C.E.
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Two centers of power in the Middle Ages
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1. early Christian church and the state
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Frankish emperor who encouraged education and the concept of a centralized government
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Why do we have more religious music than secular from the Middle Ages?
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The Church patronized music
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The Middle Ages witnessed
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1. building of great cathedrals, the founding of universities, and the rise of the bourgeoisie.
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3 literary works from the Middle Ages
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- Chanson de Roland
- Dante’s Divine Comedy
- Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
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What was the status of women in the Middle Ages?
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Think of chivalry. It was raised through the concept of chivalry held by knights and idealized in music.
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is characterized by thinking centered on human issues and individuality, inspiration from the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome, and independence from tradition and religion.
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In the Renaissance, historical events include
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1. discovery of the New World, introduction of printing in the West, and the Protestant Reformation. The Magna Carta was signed by King John in the Middle Ages.
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female poet musicians of the Middle Ages
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Renaissance artists (Ninja Turtle names!)
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Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello/ Also, Botticelli
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What makes renaissance art more realistic than the art from the Middle Ages?
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In addition to the Church, what new patrons fostered art in the Renaissance?
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City and state, aristocratic courts
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Musicians could earn livings as
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choirmasters, instrument builders, music printers.
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Who collected and organized the church chants in the Middle Ages?
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two to four notes per syllable
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set order of church services and structure of each service
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a series of services celebrated at various hours of the day in monasteries and convents
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pointed arches, spires, windows – Notre Dame – p. 80
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service in the Roman Catholic Church that symbolically reenacts the sacrifice of Christ
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the portion of the Mass that remains the same in every celebration of the service (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei)
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the portion of the Mass that changes from day to day, depending on the fest celebrated
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living in quiet seclusion, devotion of prayer, scholarship, and charity, participating in teaching and hospital work
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composed music, had visions, wrote religious poetry, and founded her own convent
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Is Hildegard’s “Alleluia” a part of the Ordinary or a part of the Proper?
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Proper for the feast day of the Virgin Mary
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the earliest type of polyphony
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1. a fixed pattern of long and short notes that is repeated or varied – over a sustained bottom voice that is drawn from the chant of the same name
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Early secular songs in Latin were written by whom and had what subjects?
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Goliards / wine, women & satire
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Troubadour/trouvere songs have what subjects?
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politics and current events, love and unrequired passion, crusades.
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German aristocratic poet-musicians
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Music of the fourteenth century (New Music)
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was the outstanding composer of Ars nova
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French courtly love song in the Middle Ages
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Rondeau, ballade, virelai
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fixed poetic forms of the Middle Ages
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double reed instrument of Middle Ages & Renaissance
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end-blown flute with a breathy sound
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medieval ancestor of the modern trombone
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Renaissance music sounds different from medieval music because
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1. it has fuller harmonies, has smoothly gliding lines, and is performed a cappella.
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fixed melody used as a basis for elaborate polyphonic writing in the Renaissance/ a fragment of Gregorian chant or a secular tune used as the foundation of a polyphonic mass
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language of the people as opposed to the Church Latin
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Middle Ages motet/ Renaissance motet
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1. The latter was a setting in Latin of a part from the Proper.
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Golden Age of a cappella style of singing
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early renaissance composer who exerted a powerful influence on generations of composers who followed him
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Josquin’e s ”Ave Maria…virgo serena”
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is motet in praise of Mary
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1. leader in the Protestant Reformation
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the Roman Catholic Church response to recapture the loyalty of its people
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responded to the reforms of the Council of Trent in an exemplary fashion, by composing masses with understandable texts and worshipful musical lines.
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The Catholic Church Council to study all facets of the Church practices, including the music.
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Secular music-making in the Renaissance
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Most prosperous homes had a lute or a keyboard instrument, the study of music was seen as necessary to the proper upbringing of children, and women began to have prominent roles.
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making the music do what the words say/ expressive device used by Renaissance composers to pictorialize words musically
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originated in Italy and then spread to England. Secular text with word painting, vernacular language, 4 or more parts for males and females, polyphonic/ Most important secular genre of 16th c.
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Arcadelt produced 250 madrigals
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mostly for 4 voices, about 125 French chansons, and sacred music, including Masses and motets
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(These are the characteristics that made them different from the Italian, which were usually more serious.
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Simple, pastoral, humorous texts of English
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English madrigal composer
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1. Middle Ages troubadour killed in the Crusades
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Lively circle or line dance often performed outdoors
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1. irregular phrase lengths, lively rhythms, occasional embellishments.
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Hildegard’ s “Alleluia, O virga mediatrix”
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praises the Virgin (virga) Mary
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English Renaissance composer of madrigals
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