flauto piccolo (fl. picc.)
piccolo
corno inglese (c. ing.)
English horn
fagotti (fag.)
basoon
trombe
trumpet
piatti
cymbals
tamburo (tamb.)
snare drum
tamburo piccolo
small snare drum
cassa
bass drum
largo e maestoso
very slow and majestic
pesante
weighty, with emphasis
colla parte
orchestra follows the soloist
espressivo
expressive
cadenza
improvised (or written-out) ornamental passage for soloist
allegro non troppo
fast but not too much
tacet.
be silent
pizzicato (pizz.)
plucked (string instruments)
arco
resume bowing (string instruments)
poco a poco
little by little
tranquillo
tranquil, calm
pizzicato sempre
always/continuously plucked (string instruments)
andantino
slightly faster than andante
capriccioso, quasi recitando
capriciously, almost recitative-like
dolce ed espressivo
sweet and expressive
a tempo
return to tempo
espressivo molto
very expressive
a tempo giusto
return to a precise tempo
poco piu mosso
a little more agitated/moved
a piacere
at the performer’s pleasure
grazioso
graceful
senza sordino
without a mute
un poco piu anima
a little more animated
piu tranquillo
more tranquil
allegro molto
very fast
molto moderato
very moderate tempo (slower than allegro)
bouche
in horn playing, stopped horns
con sordini
with mutes
morendo
dying, fading away
lunga
long
con forza
with force
risoluto
resolutely
simile
continue in same manner
vivace scherzando
lively, brisk, and playful
poco stringendo
a little pressing (getting faster)
subito
suddenly, quickly
ad libitum colla parte
at the performer’s pleasure
allegro molto ed animate
very fast and animated
tremolo (trem.)
quick, continuous reiteration of a single pitch
ben tenuto
well-held
spiccato assai
detached (but not as short as staccato)
mano (m.) sinistra
left hand
muta
change of instrument and/or tuning (“muta in G/d” for timpani means to change the timpani’s tuning to G and d; “muta in flauto piccolo” in a flute part means to change to the piccolo)
poco meno mosso
a little slower
pocchissimo piu mosso
very little motion
bon marcato e staccatissimo
well-marked and with extreme staccato
sul D
play on D-string
passionato
passionate
come prima
to be performed as on the first playing
allargando assai
very broadening, becoming slower, sometimes with crescendo
frenetico
frenetic
vivo
lively, brisk
sons harmoniques
general class of pitches produced by sounding the second or some higher harmonic of a vibrating system such as a string
non troppo
not too much
spiritoso
spirit, spirited, usually in association with fast tempo
sul ponticello
to bow at the bridge
avec la baguette
with the stick of the bow of a stringed instrument OR with the drumstick
Prelude a “L’apres-midi d’un faune”
Prelude to “The afternoon of a faun” (by Claude Debussy)
hautbois
oboe
cors a pistons en fa
horns
altos (Fr.)
violas
violoncelle
cello
contrebasse
double bass
tres modere
very moderate tempo
doux et expressif
sweet, soft and expressive
glissando
a continuous or sliding movement from one pitch to another
sourdine
mute
sur la touche
to bow over the fingerboard
diminuendo (dim.) et retenu
becoming softer and held back
otez vite les sourdines
remove mutes quickly
toujours en animant
always/continuously animated
changez en Si b
change to Bb (si is the French name for the English pitch “B”)
tres en dehors
very prominent or standing out
piu
more
mouvement
(movement) any self-contained and thus at least potentially independent section of a larger work
meme mouvement et tres soutenu
same movement and very sustained
[image]
up bow (string instruments)
[image]
down bow (string instruments)
mouvement du debut
same movement as the beginning
un peu plus anime
a little more animated
preparez le ton de Mi b
in harp playing, prepare (to set pedals in appropriate positions for coming passages) for Eb (Mi is the French name for the English pitch “E”)
accordez
tune
dans le mouvement plus anime
in more animated movement
cuivre
a harsh or brassy tone (esp. on the horn)
avec plus de langueur
with more langour
sans
without
divises (div.)
divided
tres lent et tres retenu jusqu’a la fin
very slow and very held back until the end
nationalism
last 2/3 of Romantic period; composers tried to celebrate their countries; Russia is primary country
The Russian Five
in St. Petersburg, Alexander Borodin, Modest Mussorgsky, and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov were the most well-known
Scheherazade
Rimsky-Korsakov’s most well-known piece; program music; based on “1,001 Nights”
absolute music
no story being conveyed
program music
conveys a story or concept
stoccatissimo
light staccato
Claude Debussy
1867-1918; French; pianist; Paris conservatory; trained as Romantic; bohemian; Impressionistic; 3 style periods (more conservative toward death); “emancipated dissonance”
Impressionism
in art, focused on precise color, fluidity… musical movement followed artistic movement… akin to symbolism in literature
Mannheim orchestra
invented use of grand pause for dramatic effect
Prix de Rome
won by Debussy; allowed 1 year’s study in Rome for sole purpose of composing
genre
group of like things (oratorio, lieder, etc.)
composer course
course specifically on Beethoven, Haydn, etc.
period course
course studying a specific period
Common Practice Period
1600-1900 (Baroque, Classical, Romantic); aka the Tonal Period
symphony
multi-movement work for orchestra; each movement/piece is complete in and of itself
concerto
multi-movement work for orchestra *w/ solo instruments*; Baroque period had solo concerto and concerto grosso (depending on # of solo instruments – concerto grosso had a solo group called a concertino: usually 2 violins)
solo concerto
Baroque concerto with a solo instrument
concerto grosso
Baroque concerto with a solo group called a concertino (usually made up of 2 violins)
Baroque orchestra
no woodwinds/brass; continuo (accompaniment) – usually harpsichord; firm bass and florid treble; bass played continuo line with harpsichord
counterpoint
horizontal music
polyphony
writing in multiple parts
homophony
vertical music
cemballo
harpsichord
Baroque trumpet
no valves – all done with mouth
tasto solo
do not harmonize
[image]
C clef – alto or viola clef if middle line is C; tenor clef if line above that is C
motif
section of melody thrown back and forth from part to part
tutti
everone plays
canon
written-out round – each part comes in on same melody on same pitch at different times
unity and variety
the plot that holds the piece together; what one does to alter the plot
Baroque period
1600-1750
Classic period
1750-1825; symphony, concerto, string quartet, sonata (all multi-movement works – normally 4, concertos 3); 1) fast 2) slow 3) dance/minuet 4) faster; Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Romantic period
1825-1900
Johann Sebastian Bach
worked in Leipzig, Germany at end of career; important to everything except opera; cantatas (weekly ~ 300); oratorios; Passions (events leading to Christ’s crucifixion)
fugue
different instruments repeat same melody on different pitches at different times
Piccardi third
end in a major third (Baroque)
Rondo form
1st Rondo – ABA; 2nd Rondo – ABACA; 3rd Rondo – ABACADA
Ludwig von Beethoven
1770-1827; German; worked in Vienna, Austria; born in Bonn; alcoholic and musician father; brought to Vienna by Haydn; went deaf early; composed 32 piano sonata, 9 symphonies (3-Eroica 6-Pastorale 9-Choral)
Beethoven’s Symphony No. 8, Op. 93
F Major
stretto
squeeze
Maelzel
Beethoven’s contemporary, invented metronome
sonatine
sonata form without development
Schubert’s Mass No. 6
E-flat minor
mass
sacred choral composition (not for everday service); text from Roman Catholic service
proper
different every service
ordinary
done in every service
sung ordinary
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus & Benedictus, Agnus Dei
Latin
official language of Roman Catholic Church; 1962 decision that Mass could be said in vernacular
Kyrie
3 statements represent Holy Trinity; until 14th century, almost all music was subdivided into 3 beats/measure to represent Trinity)
climax note
highest note in a phrase (focal point)
agogic accent
accent of duration
Franz Schubert
died of syphylus at age 31
miserere
mercy
opera
sung theatre piece
libretto
text for opera, word book (by a librettist)
Rigoletto
Giuseppe Verdi opera; based on “Le roi s’amuse” (the King Amuses Himself) by Victor Hugo; made king into duke for censors; Count Monterone curses Duke & Rigoletto – Gilda will be compromised