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| When a performer temporarily moderates tempo |
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| Orchestra size during Romantic Era |
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| Accompaniment song with high artistic aspirations |
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| Composer with greates sucess in writing leidr |
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| When a song features ever-changing melodic and harmonic material |
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| Example of a program symphony |
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| BUrial hymn in the medieval church |
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| Important philosopher of the Enlightenment |
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| Form that came into being during Classical Era |
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| True or False: The minuet is not a genre but a musical form |
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| False – The minuet is a genre of musical dance |
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| Mozart’s variations of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star |
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| First composer to include Theme and Variations form as a movement in a symphony |
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| Kochel catalogue numbers represent |
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| Who produced 104 symphonies? |
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| Genre meant for small audience or performers |
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| True or False – Beethoven’s symphonies, movements, etc are played most in popular culture |
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| Dedicated to Napolean Bonaparte |
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| Composition that features a celeste |
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| Traditional Polish dance genre |
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| Italian term for beautiful singing |
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| Subject matter of Realistic Opera |
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| Instrumental music free of text or pre-existing program |
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| Principal Classical Composers |
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| Proportion, Balance, formal correctness |
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| Age of reason and deism, invention of electricity, encyclopedia Britannica, Steam Engine |
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Comic opera or opera buffa
Advent of the piano
Age of Revolution |
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| The City of Music -Where Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, + Schubert creates The First Viennese School |
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Freelanced in Vienna
104 operas
Honorary degree from Oxford, presented to King and Queen
Received as a Celebrity
Earned in 2 years in London what wold have taken 20 at Esterhazy (where he used to be a director of music) |
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Salzburg Austria
Prodigy (playing violin, piano, organ, and composing by age 6)
First opera – Bastien and Bastinne |
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Travelled to major European cities with father, exposed to French Baroque, English choral, German polyphony, and Italian vocal
Spent 1770s in Salzburg serving the Archbishop as organist, violinist, and composer
Broke free at 25 and free lanced
Studied Bach and Handel |
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| Mozart’s most lucrative period with students, concerts, commissions, and Don Giovanni |
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Best friends who played chamber works together
Mozart dedicated quartets to Haydn |
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| ABA – rarely used in 4th movement of symphonies |
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| Ternary and Sonata-Allegro, Minuet and Trio and Serenade |
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| Genre of Dance, movement within a classical symphony or string quartet, usually the third movement. |
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| A light, multi-movement work for string alone or small orchestra, often outside |
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Developed during the Classical Era
Usually the first of a multi-movement work |
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| A composition for solo piano or melodic instrument with piano accompaniment (3 or 4 movement piece) |
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| Thematic, Developmental, Cadential |
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ABACABA
Must return three times with two contrasting sections |
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| Years of the Classical Period |
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| Genres of Secular Art Music |
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| Symphony, String Quartet, Sonata, Concerto, Opera |
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preeminent genre of music – instrumental
Developed from Italian opera overture, the sinfonia |
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| a one-movement work with three sections (fast slow fast) – Italian opera overture |
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| The Father of the String Quartet |
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| Descending minor second represents pain and suffering |
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| String Quartet No. 3 (Opus 76) |
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Haydn’s favorite piece, played daily
German National Anthem |
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| No longer a suite of dance movements, bu tnow piano for women and amateurs |
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| Father of the modern Piano Concerto |
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| Mozart – brings it maturity |
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| To strive together, to struggle against |
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| Catholic mass, Classical opera |
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| Master of Classical Opera |
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| Heroic Period (1803-1813) |
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| Beethoven writes 6 of 9 symphonies, adds new instruments to the symphony including trombone, contrabassoon, piccolo, and choir |
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| Love and faith alone, when united lead to the creation of great things |
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| Begins 1790s, fully gone 1814 |
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| Beethoven’s increases to the Classical forms |
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A revolt against Classical adherence to reason rules, forms and traditions
No unity, balance of form, order, or content
Self-expression, striving to communicate with passion no matter the imbalance
Human imagination and nature drives inspiration |
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| Tristan and Isolde, Romeo and Juliet |
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| Despair, frenzy, selfishness, heavenly exultation, and lunacy |
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| New Genres of Romanticism |
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| 1. Art Song 2. Symphonic Poem |
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| Romanticism changes to melody, phrasing, rhythm, themes, and chromatic harmony |
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Melody – Broad and powerful
Phrasing – asymmetrical and longer
Rhythm – More flexible
Themes – vocal and lyrics
Chromatic Harmony – Bold Shifts |
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| Stealing time here to give it back there |
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Sonata-Allegro
Character Piece |
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| A 1-2 minute piece intended to capture one mood, sentiment, or emotion |
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During Romantic Era
Creation of flutes of silver, horns with valves |
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| Change during Romantic Era and become interpretor of ensemble |
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| Frank Liszt, Niccolo Paganini |
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| SOng for solo voice and accompaniment with high artist aspirations |
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| Successful with Art Song, Father taught him violin, brother taught him piano, admitted into emperors choir at age 11, Studied with Antonio in 1810 |
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| Private gatherings in which only Schubert’s compositions were played |
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| A tightly structured group of individual songs that tell a story or treat a single theme |
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Piano virtuoso of 19th century, child prodigy, First woman to win award
Robert Schumann’s wife |
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| Composed in streaks with piano, art songs, symphonies, chamber music, piano concerto in A minor |
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| Seeks to recreate in sound the events and emotions portrayed in some extra musical source |
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Program Symphony
Dramatic Overture
Concert Overture
Symphonic Poem / Tone Poem |
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| Writer of Symphonie Fantastique (Based off a strong affection to a woman) |
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| A single melody which appears in all five movements of the piece – Symphonie Fantastique |
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| To use the wood of the bow on strings of instrument |
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| Made lots of money annually, travels extensively through Europe and America |
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| Originally tied to opera, and used as a diversion from opera seria |
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Chopin
(from Warsaw Conservatory) |
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Inspired by Niccolo Paganini’s violin
Piano player
Practiced 4-5 hours a day
Elops with Countess Marie d’Agoult
Regarded as greatest pianist of his time |
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| Creator of the piano recital or soliloquies |
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| Short pieces intended to improve 1 or more aspect of a performer’s technique |
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During Romantic Era
Antonio Rossini, Vincenzo, Giuseppe Verdi, Richard Wagner, George Bizet, Giacomo Puccini |
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| Culminated the opera buffa of the 18th century (best known for Barber of Seville |
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| A recitative composition by the entire orchestra rather than just the basso continuo – dramatized tense situations, pushed singers to the limits of their ranges |
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Who Verdi based his play off of
His father wrote the COunt of Monte Cristo and the Three Musketeers |
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| a section of the opera that moves quickly between a slow ario, to a recitative, to a fast concluding aria. |
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| an area that increases in tempo to the end allowing for a fast, dramatic exit |
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| Singing play, musical comedy, or light musical drama |
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Produced theological writings, born in Leipzig, largely self-taught, wrote both music and librettos for his operas
Wrote Tristan and Isolde, based off Arthur Schopenhaur and funded by Friedrich Siegfried
Purpose was to show themes of power, greed, honor, bravery, and rage in 19th century Germany |
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| Paid off Wagner’s debt and helped him build a theater |
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First to conduct complete Ring Cycle
(German word that ends in twerk) – total art work |
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| Inspired Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde |
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| (love-death) a vision of love beyond the grave |
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A brief distinctive unit of music designed to represent a character, object, idea or place which returns frequently
Common in pop culture
Chromatic harmony that prevents any one note from establishing the tonic |
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| Treats everyday life issues in realistic way |
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| National Anthems, Native dances, protest songs, victory symphonies, compositions with strong nationalistic titles |
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| Mikhal Glinka – “A Life for the Czar” |
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The Mighty Handful
The Russian 5 |
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| Alexander Boradin, Cesar Cui, Mily Balakirev, Nikobi Rimsky, Modest Mussorgsky |
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| Most Russian, rejected the influence of western music |
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| Fast-slow-minuet/scherzo-fast |
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| Only one to write full orchestra in late Romantic Era |
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Studied Bach, Haydn, Beethoven
Played in showrooms by day, Saloons by night
Awarded honorary degrees from Cambridge and Breslau
Formal education never went beyond primary school
Mostly wrote absolute music |
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| Camille Saint-Seans Symphony No. 3 |
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| First symphony with an organ, written by Brahms |
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| Brought orchestral lied to maturity |
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| Epitomizes Beethoven’s struggles and rise to victory |
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