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| Opera, Symphony, and Gregorian Chant |
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| entertainment, art, and utilitarian (useful or functional) |
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| choral, ensemble, solo, language, subject |
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OPERA
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-Text is secular
-Function is Theatrical Entertainment
-Performing Forces are Voices and Orchestra
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-Text is none
-Function is Concert Performance
-Performing Forces are Orchestra
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-Text is Latin Sacred
-Function is Church Service
-Performing Forces is unison voices
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combination of qualities that make a work of art distinctive (produced by the interaction of rhythm, melody, harmony, color, texture, and form)
ex. new orleans style jazz, Beethoven’s middle style periods, and baroque style
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The Middle Ages
(Medieval Music)
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(476-1475)
-most surviving music of the middle age is sacred
-christianity brought to Europe by Roman Empire
-Medieval Christian church was center of politcal power, culture, and learning. was the source of financial support of arts, and scribes preserved sacred texts and music
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| Sacred Music in the Middle Ages |
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| Gregorian Chant (also called plainsong)- music sang at eight monastic hours of prayer and at mass |
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large body of unaccompanied vocal music, written for the western Roman Catholic Church
(plainsong)
-Latin Text
-Monophonic
-weak rhythm- nonmetric
-variation (unison-solo, syllabic-mellismatic)
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| only one or two notes for each syllable of text |
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| many notes sung to just one syllable |
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Organum (first systematic use of harmony in West)- new melody added above or below a chant.
example: All Ends of the Earth by Leonin
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new melody added below or above a chant.
started by Leoninus
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Proper of the Mass– chants that vary throughout the year
Ordinary of the Mass– chants that stay the same throughtout the year
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Introit (anintroductory chant for the the entry of the celebrating clergy)
Gradual (a reflective chant)
Alleluia or Tract ( a chant of thanksgiving or penance)
Sequentia (a chant commenting on the text of the Alleluia)
Offertory (a chant for the offering)
Communion (chant for communion)
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Kyrie (a petition for mercy)
Gloria (a hymn of praise to the Lord)
Credo ( a profession of faith)
Sanctus (an acclamation to the Lord)
Agnus Dei (a petition for mercy and eternal peace)
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| Poet-Musicians that flourished in Southern France |
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troubadours (men)
trobairitz (women)
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| a love song, normally in french, for two, three, or four voices. |
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rondo
ex. this month of may
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| Medieval Musical Instruments |
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sackbut (forerunner of trombone)
shawm (ancestor of the oboe)
the drums
Cornetto (cross between trumpet and clarinet)
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-rebirth of classical (greek and roman) culture
-reawakening after middle ages
-humanism (focus on man, not just God, appreciation of hte human mind and body, wordly knowledge and pursuit)
-Era of exploration, scientific discovery, and artisitc achievement
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-focus on not only God, but man
-appreciation of the human mind and body
-worldly knowledge and pursuits
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-believed music should be pleasing to the ear
ex. Ave Maria by Josquin
-sacred genre
– SATB
-a cappella
– imitative counterpoint
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-said to be one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance or any age
-wrote over 70 motets (a composition for a choir, latin text, and made ot be sung in a church or private devotion)
-famous for Ave Maria which has imitation in it which is a procedure where one or more voices duplicate in turn the notes of a melody
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| a compostition for a choir, setting a latin text on a sacred subject, and intended to be sung either in a church or chapel, or in a private devotional |
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| where one or more voices duplicate in turn the notes of a melody |
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creations of national churches not under the control of Rome
(later Renaissance music)
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| a reform movement that promoted a more conservative and austere art within the established Church |
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(1525-1594)-Italian
“saved” polyphonic music
Music supports the text:
-a cappella (chapel style)
-syllabic
-points of imitation
-was called master of the chapel and master composer
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a distinctive motive that is sung or played in turn by each voice or instrumental line
ex. Palestrina’s, Sanctus, has four points of imitation
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a piece for several solo voices (usually four or five) that sets a vernacular poem, most often about love, to music
Two types: Italian Madrigal (short, set to music, a capella, lively rhythm, light hearted character, word painting)
English Madrigal (ex. As Vesta Was by Weelkes)
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| depicting the text by means of a descriptive musical gesture, wheather subtly or jokingly as a musical pun |
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“irregularly shaped pearl”
-bigger
-more ornamented
-more energetic
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-a new kind of solo singing (meaning to sing alone)
-a single singer stepped forward, accompanied by a very few supporting instruments to project a highly charged text
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-the bass-driven, chordal support in Baraque Music, played by one or more instruments
-bass instrument(s)- plays written part (bass line)
-chord instrument- improvises chords from bass line
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| Most Common Basso Continuo during Baroque Period |
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| harpsichord and low string instrument |
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numbers underneath
-numerical shorthand placed below the bass line
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| Harmony of Baroque Musical Style |
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major and minor tonality
-Functional- creating and resolving dissonance
-pull towards tonic (last tonic chord is meant to feel final)
– each chord has a specific function
-Harmonic Progression (chord progression)
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| Contrast of Baroque Musical Style |
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-ornamented melody- solid chord progression
-soloist-group
-loud-soft (terraced dynamics)
-fast-slow
-example: Spring by Vivaldi
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| the practice of shifting the volume of sound suddenly from one level to another |
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-drama presented in music
-begun in Florence, Italy (1600)
-Inspired by Ancient Greek Drama
-Expression of emotion through song
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| Completing elements of Opera |
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-visual effect
-libretto (little book)- words that are meant to be sung
– music
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“little book”
words that are written to be sung
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| Two Kinds of Solo Singing in Opera |
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Recitative- speechlike, moves action forward (emphasizes story)
Aria- more melodic song, expresses emotion, shows off singer (emphasizes music)
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| musically heightened speech, though which the plot of the opera is communicated to the audience |
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more passionate, expansive, and more tuneful than recitative
-emphasizes emotion, more melodic song
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| refers to an instrumental piece for keyboard or other insturments, requires great technical dexterity of the performers |
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| a manner of singing halfway between aria and recitative |
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(before the piano there were many sonatas)
-sonare- to sound
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-solo sonata- solo instrument plus continuo
-trio sonata- 2 solo instruments plus continuo
(collection of stylized dances)-often in binary form
(by changing rhythm and tempo the dance changes)
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| solo instrument plus continuo |
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| 2 solo instruments plus continuo |
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| music for soloists performed in home or a small auditorium |
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“greatest of all English composers”, born in London
Wrote Dido and Aeneas |
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