Church Modes/Scales
scales containing 7 tones with an 8th tone duplicating the 1st octave higher, but with patterns of whole & half steps different from major & minor scales
Pope Gregory (the Great)
recognized the Catholic liturgy during his reign from 590 to 604; creation of Gregorian chant.
Gregorian Chant
melodied set to sacred Latin texts, sung without accompianment; official music of Roman Catholic church.
Mass
sacred choral composition made up of 5 sections – Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, & Angus Dei.
Mass Ordinary
Roman Catholic church texts that remain the same from day to day throughout most of the year.
Mass Proper
Roman Catholic church texts that are used for special occasions. (ex: requem mass – mass for dead)
Organum
Medieval polyphony that consits of Gregorian chant & one or more additional melodic lines.
Monophonic
Single melodic line without accompianment.
Polyphonic
Preformance of 2 or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest at the same time
Sacred Music
Most general music: religion, God, spiritual.
Secular Music
Any music other than religious.
Sackbuts
Early trumbones.
Middle Ages
450 – 1450 AD
Renaissance
1450 – 1600
Churches and Rich
Who primarily supported music in the Renaissance era?
a cappella
Choral music without instrumental accompianment.
Word painting
Musical reputation of specific poet.
Cantus firmus
Latin for firm chant
Chanson
French for love song, slow song.
Motet
Polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than that of the mass; one of two forms of sacred Renaissance music.
Madrigal
Composition for several voices set to a short secular poem, usually about love, combining homophonic & polyphonic textures & often using word painting
Requiem
Mass for the dead.
Council of Trent
154 – 1563; considered questions of dogma and organization.
Palistrina
1525 – 1594; most important Italian Renaissance composers; devoted himself to music for the Catholic Church
Palistrina
Music includes 104 masses & some 450 other sacred works.
instruments
outdoor – louder
indoor – softer
St. Mark’s Cathedral
Venus, Italy; tallest building, church, big concrete square in front of church, battle band
Polychoral
2 or more
Antiphonal
Anti-sound
Opera
Drama that is sung to orchestral accompianment, usually a large-scale composition employing vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, costumes, & scenery.
Cantat
Composition in several movements, usually written for chorus, one or more vocal soloists, & instrumental ensemble.
Sonata
In baroque music, an instrumental composition in several movements for one to 8 players. In music after baroque period, an instrumental combination usually in seceral movements for one or two players.
Age of Humanism
Renaissance
Baroque
1600 – 1750
Origin/Definition of Baroque
Portuguese; pearl of irregular shape.
Florentin Camerata
Club developed opera in Italy.
Bass continuo
Baroque accompianment made up of a bass part usually played by two instruments: a keyboard + a low melodic instrument.
Figured Bass
Bass part of a baroque accompianment with figures (numbers) above it indicating the chords to be played.
Terraced Dynamics
Abrupt alernation between loud & soft dynamic levels.
Castrato
Male singer before puberty to retain a high voice range.
Libretto
Text of an opera.
Recitative
Vocal line in an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rhythms & pitch flunctuations of speech, often serving to lead into an aria.
Overture
Prelude; short musical composition, purely sets the overall dramatic mood.
Ovatorio
Large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, & orchestra, usually set to a narrative text, but without acting, scenery, or costumes; often based on biblical stories.
Concerto grosso (& # of movements)
Composition for several instrumental soloists & small orchestra; common in late baroque music.
Solo concerto
A piece for a single soloist & an orchestra.
Fugue
Polyphonic composition based on one main theme or subject.
Harpischord
Keyboard instrument, widely used from about 1500 to 175, whose sound is produced by plectra that pluck its wire strings. Revived during the 20th century.
Organ
Keyboard instrument with many sets of pipes controlled from two or more keyboards, including a pedal keyboard played by the organist’s feet. The keys control valves from which air is blown a cross/through openings in pipes.
Symphony
Orchestral composition, usually in 4 movements, typically lasting between 20 & 45 minutes, exploiting the expanded range of tone color & dynamics of the orchestra.
Cadenza
Unacompanied section of virtuoso display for the soloist in a concerto, usually appearing near the end of the 1st movement & sometimes in last movement; stopping place
Vivaldi
1678 – 1741; late Italian Baroque, operas & fine church music
Vivaldi
famous for writing 450 contaritos.
Bach
employed not famous as composer in lifetime dance; taught latin music, choir.
Classical
1750 – 1820
Classical
French & American Revolution, Industrial Revolution happened during what period?
Viennese School
Not physical building, composers who worked in home overlapped in Vein Franz Schubert
Hayden
symphonies; 104
Mozart
41 “songs”
child prodigy
Beethoven
No “songs”
went deaf
Patronage system
higher help
Chamber music
music using a small group of musicians with one player to part;
small, private setting
String quartet
composition for two violins, a viola, & a cello; usually consisting of 4 movements
Sonata Form
1) Fast
2) Moderately Slow
3) Dance, Waltz
4) Fast
Ode to Joy
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony
Favored solo instruments
Violin
Piano
Monasteries
A community of people living under religous vows.
Renaissance
Rebirth of learning in Europe.
Martin Luther
Led the Reformation