| the doctrine of affections |
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-union of text and music
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-one mood or affection per movement/piece
-love
-hate
-sorrow
-joy
-wonder
-desire
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| What major change occurred in the Baroque era? |
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Added major and minor scales
-tonal
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continuous bass
2-performers
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| vocal music of baroque characterized by- |
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monody (no such thing as homophony)
solo voice with intrumental accompaniment
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| Important composers of the Baroque |
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Florentine Camerata
Vincenzo Galilei
Giulio Caccini
Jacopo Peri
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-Recitative
-Aria
-Ensemble
-Chorus
-Overture/sinfonia
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recitative
(Stile rappresentativo)
-secco
-accompagnato
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secco- only basso continuo accompanies voice
accompagnato-accompanied by orchestra
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solo song of highly emotional character
does not advance the plot
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Early opera in Italy
(Composer)
-famous work
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Claudio Monteverdi
(1567-1643)
The Coronation of Poppea
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Opera in England
leading composer
famous work
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Henry Purcell
(1659-95)
Dido and Aeneas (1689)
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| Large scale sacred work for one or more solo vocalists with instrumental accompaniment and chorus |
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| sacred monophonic hymn tune espoused by reformers like Martin Luther |
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4 part harmony with soprano voice given the choral tune
(cantionale)
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| Unifying thread of Protestant cantatas |
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-woven into the movements
i don’t even know
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1685-1750
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-wrote 500-600 cantatas
-usually 5-8 movements
-many movements based on chorale tune
-several choral numbers
aaB
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Large-scale vocal work perfromed by solo voices, chorus and orchestra
-not staged
-same components as opera otherwise
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George Frideric Handel
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Messiah (1742)
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| Instrumental Music in Baroque |
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| Becomes just as important as vocal music |
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-sonata de camera (chamber)
;(uses dances)
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-sonata de chiesa (church)
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2 solos and Basso Continuo
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How many movements in a Sonata?
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;
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| important sonata composers |
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| Archengelo Corelli (1653-1713) |
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2 masses of sound opposed to each other
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usually instrumental
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| Types of Baroque Concertos |
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1.; Solo Concerto
Large group (orchestra, ripieno, tutti) and soloist
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2.; Concerto Grosso
Large group (orchestra, ripieno, tutti) and small group (concertino)
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| stylistic characteristics of concertos |
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3 movements
fast, slow, fast
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I and III are most important
;both use ritornello form
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ritornello (ripieno)
episode (solo/concertino)
ritornello
episdoe
ritornello
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cadenza befor end
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1678-1741
The four seasons
-4 solo violin concertos
-each accompanied by poem (program music)
-music depcts specific lines in poem
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no cresecendos/ decrescendos
terraced dynamics
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| A group of dances for any combination of instruments or type of ensemble usually unified by a single key aria, and each dance in binary or ternary form |
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| Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue |
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German dance in duple simple meter
at a moderato tempo
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French dance in triple simple
meter at a;moderato tempo
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Spanish dance in triple simple meter at
an adagio tempo
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(Jig)
an English dance in duple compound meter at an allegro tempo
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| Additional Suite Movements |
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-overture (optional)
-other dances (usually added between the sarabande and gigue)
a. minuet
b. gavotte
c.; bourree
d.; passepied
e. hornpipe*
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-Usually binary or ternary structure with each part repeated
-on the repeat the melody is to be embellished
-often times part I of the structure will modulate from the home key to a contrasting key (dominant or relative minor) then back to tonic in part II
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1735-1805
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music for music’s sake
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| balance, order, form, symmetry, simplicity, objectivity |
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-diversion- chamber ensemble for light entertainment
-Mozart
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The String Quartet
Prominant Composer
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Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
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Strings
-violin 1-4 players
-violin 2-4 players
-viola-2 players
-Violoncello and Double bass- 4 players total
Woodwinds
flutes -2
oboe-2
Brass
Horn-2
Trumpet-2
Percussion
Timpani
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Ended the classical era
-made musicianship a respectable art form
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| components of classical opera |
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overture
recitative (half spoken half sung-starts drama)
aria
ensembles
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Opera seria- serious opera, sung all the way
Opera Buffa/Opera Comique/ Ballad Opera-
comic opera can have spoken word
singspiel- forerunner of the musical
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died at 35- assited by Lorenzo da Ponte
operas-
La nozze de Figaro (1786)
Don Giovanni (don Juan) (1787)
Cosi fan Tutte (1790)
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| a short musical pattern that is repeated persistently throughout a performance or composition |
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