| Arnold Schoenberg’s dates? |
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| Olivier Messiaen’s dates? |
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| Karlheinz Stockhausen’s dates? |
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| Modes of limited transposition |
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| Discovered by Messiaen, these are seven scales for which there are fewer than twelve transpositions. The whole-tone and octatonic scales are the first two. |
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| Written by Charles Ives. Describes his rationale for the Concord Sonata and its relationship to Transcendentalism. |
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| Technique de mon langage musical |
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| Written by Olivier Messiaen. A comprehensive overview of the composer’s musical technique. |
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| A tone-color-melody. ;A melody that is divided among several instruments or groups of instruments. |
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| A set of pitches that are very close to one another. ;Most often, the pitches are no more than a half step apart and have fixed registers |
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| The technique of using chance to generate music. ;Most associated with Cage and Lutoslawski. |
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| A town in which a music festival has met since World War II. ;This music festival was the meeting point of many avant-garde composers. |
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| Written by Iannis Xenakis. ;Extremely obtuse, the book describes many of the composer’s musical ideas. |
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| A style of music most associated with Reich, Glass, and Adams, and America in general. Marked by repetitive and complex rhythms and tonal harmonies. |
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| A style of music associated with Stockhausen, Boulez, and Pousseur. This is an outgrowth of the 12-tone music of Webern. |
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| A musical technique invented by Josquin des Prez that uses solmization syllables to assign pitches to text. |
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| Multiple musical meanings, but most used to describe the reordering of a set, whether this set is an interval, chord, or neither. |
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| Written by Harry Partch. Describes his musical technique, which is noted for its microtonality. |
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| An ancient Chinese text that provides a system for divining religious truths. Used by Cage to determine musical outcomes. |
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| A simple wave which produces an equally simple tone. In early electronic music studios, it was one of the few non-recorded building blocks available. Today, it is still considered the fundamental wave for synthesis. |
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| A musical technique that uses snippets of older music. Used by Ives and Berio, among others. |
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| Harmony that makes use of all twelve pitches and in which there is no tonal center. Serialism and dodecaphony are nearly equivalent terms. |
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| A matrix is constructed to aid in composing and analyzing serial music. It lists all of the possible transpositions, inversions, retrogrades, and retrograde inversions of a given row. |
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| To write a musical idea in reverse. Especially relevant to serial music where rows are often retrograded. |
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| Early electronic music that was comprised exclusively of recorded sounds that have been manipulated. Originated in France with the help of Pierre Schaeffer. |
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| A piano which has been physically altered to produce different timbres. Invented by Cage, who often used nails, screws, and washers between the strings. |
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| French architect and designer for whom Xenakis worked. Together, they designed the influential Phillips Pavilion for the Brussels World Fair. |
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| The tape recorder was first available in _____. |
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| World War II began in ____ and ended in ____. |
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| 1939 and 1945, respectively. |
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